{"id":17418,"date":"2026-07-09T11:25:40","date_gmt":"2026-07-09T11:25:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-7-43\/"},"modified":"2026-07-09T11:27:13","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T11:27:13","slug":"7-7-43","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-7-43\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 43"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u062f\u064a\u0631<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: gadiry1981@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Digital Exposure to Hebrew as an Approach to Developing Oral Fluency among Arab Secondary School Students in Israel<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Yusra Hussein Ghadeer\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> gadiry1981@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/43' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/43<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/43' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/43<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (7). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 753 - 777<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue7\/7-7-43.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H.. (2026). Digital Exposure to Hebrew as an Approach to Developing Oral Fluency among Arab Secondary School Students in Israel. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Ghadeer Yusra Hussein. 2026. \\&quot;Digital Exposure to Hebrew as an Approach to Developing Oral Fluency among Arab Secondary School Students in Israel.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Ghadeer Y. H.. 2026. Digital Exposure to Hebrew as an Approach to Developing Oral Fluency among Arab Secondary School Students in Israel. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-07-01. [Cited 2026-07-09]. 7(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-43\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Ghadeer Y. H.. Digital Exposure to Hebrew as an Approach to Developing Oral Fluency among Arab Secondary School Students in Israel. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-07-01; 7(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/43&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Ghadeer Y. H., \\&quot;Digital Exposure to Hebrew as an Approach to Developing Oral Fluency among Arab Secondary School Students in Israel,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/43&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Ghadeer Yusra Hussein. \\&quot;Digital Exposure to Hebrew as an Approach to Developing Oral Fluency among Arab Secondary School Students in Israel.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/43&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u063a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u064a. \u062d. 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2026-07-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/43&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div 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1985)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (Long, 1981)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a (Swain, 1985)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Vygotsky, 1978). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This theoretical-analytical study aims to explore the role of digital exposure to Hebrew in developing oral fluency among Arab secondary school students in Israel. The study is grounded in an educational and sociolinguistic problem represented by the gap between learning Hebrew as a second language in Arab schools and students\u2019 actual ability to use it orally in academic, social, and professional contexts. The study adopts a theoretical descriptive-analytical approach through a critical review of the literature and theories related to second language acquisition, particularly the Input Hypothesis (Krashen, 1985), the Interaction Hypothesis (Long, 1981), the Output Hypothesis (Swain, 1985), and Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky, 1978). The study also analyzes various forms of digital exposure, including receptive digital content, interactive digital content, digital production tools, and specialized educational applications. It further discusses the mechanisms through which these forms may influence dimensions of oral performance: fluency, accuracy, and complexity. The findings of the analysis indicate that guided digital exposure may contribute to expanding linguistic input, increasing opportunities for interaction, reducing speaking anxiety, and enhancing repeated oral production. However, the effectiveness of such exposure is not achieved automatically; rather, it requires pedagogical guidance, structured learning tasks, and consideration of students\u2019 digital and identity-related differences. The study concludes by proposing a conceptual framework that links digital exposure to the development of oral fluency, while offering recommendations for policymakers, teachers, and researchers.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> digital exposure, oral fluency, Hebrew as a second language, Arab students, secondary education.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.1. \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 (Manor &amp; Binhas, 2023; Manor &amp; Watad, 2024). \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Jabara, 2025; Tarabia, 2023).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 (Foster, 2020; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (Foster, 2020; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Bakri &amp; Tannenbaum, 2025; Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Manor &amp; Watad, 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 (Nachmias et al., 2010; Dubiner, 2018). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 (Jamal et al., 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.2. \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (Jabara, 2025; Manor &amp; Binhas, 2023; Tarabia, 2023).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 (Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u061f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.3. \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2010 \u06482026\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.4. \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p 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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2.1 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 Google Scholar \u0648ERIC \u0648Scopus \u0648Web of Science\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c Digital Exposure, Oral Fluency, Hebrew as L2, Arab Students in Israel, Technology-Enhanced Language Learning, Digital Storytelling, Mobile-Assisted Language Learning.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2010 \u06482026\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0646 (Krashen, 1985)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a (Long, 1981)\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0646 (Swain, 1985)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u063a\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a (Vygotsky, 1978)\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2.2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong>: \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a<\/strong>: \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2.3 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.1 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Manor &amp; Watad, 2024). \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Amara, 2018; Manor &amp; Watad, 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a (Jabara, 2025; Tarabia, 2023). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 (Jabara, 2025) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Tarabia, 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 (Shalabny &amp; Tannenbaum, 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (Bakri &amp; Tannenbaum, 2025; Shalabny &amp; Tannenbaum, 2023).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 (Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.2 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (Manor &amp; Binhas, 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u062f (Manor &amp; Watad, 2024) \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 (Manor &amp; Binhas, 2023; Manor &amp; Watad, 2024). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Amara, 2018; Manor &amp; Watad, 2024). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u064e\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Foster, 2020; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (Foster, 2020; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.3 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Oral Fluency) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 (Foster, 2020; Segalowitz, 2010).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 (Speed Fluency)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 (Breakdown Fluency)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d (Repair Fluency)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b (Foster, 2020). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Segalowitz, 2010).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 CAF \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Accuracy) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a (Complexity). \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0647 (Housen &amp; Kuiken, 2009; Skehan, 1998; Skehan, 2009). \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a (Skehan, 1998; Skehan, 2009).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 (Foster, 2020; Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018). \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 (Foster, 2020; Segalowitz, 2010).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 (Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021; Tai, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.4 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.4.1 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0646 (Krashen, 1985) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 i+1\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (Krashen, 1985). \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 (Krashen, 1985; Rowe &amp; Snow, 2020). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d (Rowe &amp; Snow, 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 (Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Swain, 1985).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.4.2 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a (Long, 1981) \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a (Long, 1981; Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a (Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018). \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.4.3 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0646 (Swain, 1985) \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a (Swain, 1985).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 (Gokturk, 2016; Nair &amp; Yunus, 2021; Tai, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Foster, 2020; Swain, 1985).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.4.4 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u063a\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u063a\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 (Vygotsky, 1978). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0630\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 (Tai, 2022; Vainas et al., 2019; Wood et al., 1976).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629 (Bakri &amp; Tannenbaum, 2025; Lantolf &amp; Thorne, 2006; Shalabny &amp; Tannenbaum, 2023).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4.1 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a (Manor &amp; Watad, 2024). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 (Henkin, 2020) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 (Henkin et al., 2023) \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Manor &amp; Binhas, 2023; Manor &amp; Watad, 2024). \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 (Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Foster, 2020; Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (Chen, 2022; Foster, 2020). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 (Bakri &amp; Tannenbaum, 2025) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a-\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648\u062a-\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0644\u0631 (Husisy-Sabek et al., 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 (Shalabny &amp; Tannenbaum, 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0646 (Ron, 2026) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1) \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Henkin (2020); Henkin et al. (2023); Manor &amp; Watad (2024)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Manor &amp; Binhas (2023); Manor &amp; Watad (2024); Loewen &amp; Sato (2018)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Bakri &amp; Tannenbaum (2025); Chen (2022)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Shalabny &amp; Tannenbaum (2023); Ron (2026)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4.2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4.2.1 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 (Digital Language Exposure) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (Kholodniak, 2026; Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021). \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (Dashti &amp; Abdulsalam, 2025; Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021). \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 (Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018; Tai, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4.2.2 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 (Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a (Receptive Digital Content).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 (Krashen, 1985; Rowe &amp; Snow, 2020). \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Foster, 2020; Rowe &amp; Snow, 2020). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0627 (Francis Joice &amp; Deepa, 2024) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a (Interactive Digital Content).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018). \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 (Long, 1981). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062c\u0627 (Elhija, 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c. \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a (Digital Production Tools).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d (Swain, 1985; Tai, 2022). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 (Gokturk, 2016) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 (Nair &amp; Yunus, 2021) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 (Language Learning Apps).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 Duolingo \u0648Babbel \u0648Rosetta Stone \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0644\u064a (Kazu &amp; Kuvvetli, 2025) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 Duolingo \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u064a (Tai, 2022) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2) \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a (Krashen, 1985)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (Long, 1981; Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a (Swain, 1985)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Duolingo\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a AI\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 (Vygotsky, 1978; Tai, 2022)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 (Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Kazu &amp; Kuvvetli, 2025; Krashen, 1981; Long, 1981; Swain, 1985; Tai, 2022).<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4.3 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 (Hafour, 2022; Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021; Syamsudin et al., 2025). \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 (Hafour, 2022) \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0633\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 (Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Syamsudin et al., 2025) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (Nair &amp; Yunus, 2021). \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0648 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Fu et al., 2021) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Murad et al., 2023)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b (Murad et al., 2023; Nair &amp; Yunus, 2021). \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0641 (Zhussupova &amp; Shadiev, 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 (Hong &amp; Lin, 2025; Lysenko et al., 2026). \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0631 (Abu-Gweder, 2026)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Lysenko et al., 2026) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Hong &amp; Lin, 2025) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Ali et al., 2023) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0631 (Solomovich &amp; Abu-Gweder, 2025) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Google Docs \u0648Moodle \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a (Benlaghrissi &amp; Ouahidi, 2024) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0634\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (Dashti &amp; Abdulsalam, 2025) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646 (Jin, 2024) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 (Vlogging)\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a (Aljenobi, 2025) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4.4 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 CAF \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Housen &amp; Kuiken, 2009; Skehan, 2009).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Automatization)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Foster, 2020; Segalowitz, 2010). \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 (Foster, 2020). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627 (Hoa, 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018; Tai, 2022). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 (Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (Alam, 2025) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 (Almohawes, 2024; Housen &amp; Kuiken, 2009). \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a (Skehan, 2009). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Gracia et al., 2023) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5.1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0643\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Foster, 2020; Manor &amp; Watad, 2024). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Krashen, 1985)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a (Long, 1981; Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Swain, 1985). \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 (Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5.2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Bakri &amp; Tannenbaum, 2025; Chen, 2022). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Shalabny &amp; Tannenbaum, 2023).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 (Chen, 2022; Jin, 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 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\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0634-\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e (Nachmias et al., 2010) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631-\u0625\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0648 (Shamir-Inbal &amp; Blau, 2021) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 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\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 (Dashtestani &amp; Hojatpanah, 2020). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 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\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5.4 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Krashen, 1985; Rowe &amp; Snow, 2020). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 (Long, 1981; Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006). \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (Swain, 1985; Tai, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2b07<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2b07<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 + \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a + \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2b07<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2b07<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2b07<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 Krashen (1985), Long (1981), Swain (1985), Gass and Mackey (2006), Vygotsky (1978), and Tai (2022).<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5.5 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 (Hafour, 2022; Hsu &amp; Liu, 2021; Jin, 2024). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064d \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a (Manor &amp; Binhas, 2023; Ron, 2026; Shalabny &amp; Tannenbaum, 2023). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5.6 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 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(Gracia et al., 2023; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a (Foster, 2020; Housen &amp; Kuiken, 2009; Skehan, 2009).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a (Krashen, 1985)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (Long, 1981; Gass &amp; Mackey, 2006)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a (Swain, 1985)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Vygotsky, 1978; Tai, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 (Foster, 2020; Loewen &amp; Sato, 2018; Segalowitz, 2010).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 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justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">6.3 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu-Gweder, A. (2026). Artificial intelligence (AI) as a pedagogical tool for second language development among Bedouin Arab female students in Israel. <em>European Journal of Education, 61<\/em>(2). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.70554\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.70554<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alam, S. (2025). Effects of multimedia inputs on improving the grammatical accuracy of students\u2019 speaking skills: An experimental study. <em>Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 15<\/em>(5), 1579-1590. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/tpls.1505.23\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/tpls.1505.23<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ali, S. M., Yunus, K., Alshaikhi, T., Abugohar, M. A., Mohana, T., &amp; Mustafa, T. (2023). The effects of blended learning on first-year Arab university students\u2019 oral production. <em>World Journal of English Language, 13<\/em>(8), 146. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/wjel.v13n8p146\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/wjel.v13n8p146<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aljenobi, A. A. (2025). Challenges faced by non-native Arabic learners during the COVID-19 pandemic and their relationship with digital technology skills and oral expression skills. <em>Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 15<\/em>(4), 1156-1165. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/tpls.1504.14\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/tpls.1504.14<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Almohawes, M. (2024). Second language acquisition theories and how they contribute to language learning. <em>World Journal of English Language, 14<\/em>(3), 181. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/wjel.v14n3p181\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/wjel.v14n3p181<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amara, M. H. (2018). Palestinian schoolscapes in Israel. <em>Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 3<\/em>, Article 7. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40862-018-0047-1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40862-018-0047-1<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bakri, Y., &amp; Tannenbaum, M. (2025). Language anxiety, willingness to communicate, and achievements: The case of Palestinian students in Israeli universities. <em>Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 44<\/em>(2), 149-169. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927X251314956\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927X251314956<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Benlaghrissi, H., &amp; Ouahidi, L. M. (2024). The impact of mobile-assisted project-based learning on developing EFL students\u2019 speaking skills. <em>Smart Learning Environments, 11<\/em>, Article 53. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-024-00303-y\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-024-00303-y<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chen, Y.-C. (2022). Effects of technology-enhanced language learning on reducing EFL learners\u2019 public speaking anxiety. <em>Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37<\/em>(4), 789-813. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2022.2055083\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2022.2055083<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dashtestani, R., &amp; Hojatpanah, S. (2020). Digital literacy of EFL students in a junior high school in Iran: Voices of teachers, students and ministry directors. <em>Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35<\/em>(4), 635-665. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2020.1744664\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2020.1744664<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dashti, F., &amp; Abdulsalam, H. M. (2025). The influence of social media applications on learning English as a second language. <em>Heliyon, 11<\/em>(2), Article e41874. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41874\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41874<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dubiner, D. (2018). \u201cWe don\u2019t think about it, we just mix\u201d: Language choice and ethnolinguistic identity among Arabic-Hebrew bilinguals in Israel. <em>International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 24<\/em>(2), 191-206. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13670050.2018.1452893\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13670050.2018.1452893<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Elhija, D. A. (2023). Code switching in digital communication. <em>Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 13<\/em>(3), 355-372. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojml.2023.133021\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojml.2023.133021<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ferman, S., &amp; Kawar, K. (2023). Tele-assessment of oral personal narratives in Arabic- and Hebrew-speaking children using the Global TALES protocol. <em>Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 75<\/em>(6), 456-469. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000533833\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000533833<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Foster, P. (2020). Oral fluency in a second language: A research agenda for the next ten years. <em>Language Teaching, 53<\/em>(4), 446-461. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S026144482000018X\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S026144482000018X<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Francis Joice, G. F., &amp; Deepa, P. (2024). 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