{"id":17368,"date":"2026-06-30T20:40:38","date_gmt":"2026-06-30T20:40:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-7-30\/"},"modified":"2026-06-30T20:48:12","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T20:48:12","slug":"7-7-30","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-7-30\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 30"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646  (1917\u20131953)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0623.\u062f. \u0634\u0630\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0634\u0648<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup>  \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Uzbekistan: From the Bolshevik Revolution to the End of Joseph Stalin&#039;s Rule (1917\u20131953)<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Duaa Yousif Mohammed\u00b9, Prof. Dr. Shatha Faisal Rasho\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Department of History, College of Education for Humanities, Al-Hamdaniya University, Iraq.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/30' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/30<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/30' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/30<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (7). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 551 - 574<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue7\/7-7-30.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Y., Rasho S. F.. (2026). Uzbekistan: From the Bolshevik Revolution to the End of Joseph Stalin&#039;s Rule (1917\u20131953). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Mohammed Duaa Yousif, Rasho Shatha Faisal. 2026. \\&quot;Uzbekistan: From the Bolshevik Revolution to the End of Joseph Stalin&#039;s Rule (1917\u20131953).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Mohammed D. Y., Rasho S. F.. 2026. Uzbekistan: From the Bolshevik Revolution to the End of Joseph Stalin&#039;s Rule (1917\u20131953). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-07-01. [Cited 2026-07-01]. 7(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-30\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/30&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Mohammed D. Y., Rasho S. F.. Uzbekistan: From the Bolshevik Revolution to the End of Joseph Stalin&#039;s Rule (1917\u20131953). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-07-01; 7(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/30&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Mohammed D. Y., Rasho S. F., \\&quot;Uzbekistan: From the Bolshevik Revolution to the End of Joseph Stalin&#039;s Rule (1917\u20131953),\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/30&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Mohammed Duaa Yousif, Rasho Shatha Faisal. \\&quot;Uzbekistan: From the Bolshevik Revolution to the End of Joseph Stalin&#039;s Rule (1917\u20131953).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/30&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f. \u064a\u060c \u0631\u0634\u0648 \u0634. \u0641. 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\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the historical, political, economic, and social developments in Uzbekistan from the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 until the end of Joseph Stalin's rule in 1953. It explores the impact of Soviet policies on reshaping the political, administrative, and economic structure of the republic. The study begins by highlighting Uzbekistan's geographical location, strategic importance, and abundant natural resources, which increased its significance within the Soviet Union. It further analyzes the establishment of Soviet authority in Turkestan, the national territorial delimitation policy, and the creation of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, together with the accompanying political and administrative transformations. The research focuses on Stalin's policies toward Uzbekistan, particularly cultural and linguistic reforms, agricultural collectivization, industrialization, and the implementation of the Five-Year Plans, as well as their economic and social consequences. It also examines political and religious repression directed against the Uzbek elite and society. Furthermore, the study discusses Uzbekistan's military and economic contribution during the Second World War and the post-war reconstruction efforts carried out under the Fourth Five-Year Plan. The study concludes with Stalin's death in 1953, marking the end of a decisive stage in the history of Soviet Uzbekistan. The research adopts the historical-analytical approach and relies on Arabic and foreign sources, archival materials, and recent scholarly studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the transformations experienced by Uzbekistan during this period.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Uzbekistan, Bolshevik Revolution, Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, Central Asia, National Delimitation, Five-Year Plans, Collectivization.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0632\u0631\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1924\u06401930) (\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635. 101\u2013102)\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 (11) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0648 (153) \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 (102) \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648 (92) \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c 1997\u060c \u0635. 41)\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (129)\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c 1996\u060c \u0635. 18).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0645 (\u0639\u062f\u0633\u060c \u062f.\u062a.\u060c \u0635. 252\u2013253)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>71%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8,4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0643<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4,8%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4,1%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2,4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2,1%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>7,2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1983 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 (\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c 1997\u060c \u0635. 41)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2002 (\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635. 111)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f (\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 2003 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 25,428,000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 (25,707,000) \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2005 ( 26,021,000) \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (26,313,000 )\u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (26,664,000) \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (27,072,000) \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009 \u0641\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (27,533,000) \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010 ( 28,001,000 )\u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0641\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (29,123,000) \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (29,555,000)\u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2013\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (29,994,000) \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 (30,493,000 ) \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629Country Economy)\u060c 2014).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 1917\u0640\u06401991<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1917<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 1917 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1917 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 1973\u060c \u0635. 270)\u061b \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1917 \u0628\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Abazov, 2008, p. 82).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, 2020, P.5).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649 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399\u2013400)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1926 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c 1999\u060c \u0635. 399\u2013400).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u062c\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u062c\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0634\u0646\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 (Abazov, 2008, p. 82).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 1924 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1926 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 (Abazov, 2008, p. 82).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1925 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635. 62)\u061b \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1926\u06481936 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2025\u060c \u0635. 18).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u062c\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u062a\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0648\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u062c\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Bregel, 2003, p. 95).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u062c\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u0631 (Y\u00fcce, 2006, p. 44).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c 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(Isakova, 2024, p. 11).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 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\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629) (Isakova, 2024, p. 11)\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0630\u0628\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c 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2017, P. 73).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629) (Develi, 2023, p. 116\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a Rajabov &amp; Zamonov, 2017, p. 96)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 28 \u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432 &amp; \u0417\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, 2017, P. 75).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (1946\u20131953)\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Bozorovich, 2025, p. 10).\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a 18 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 1946 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u064f\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 250.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 (Bozorovich, 2025, p. 10)\u061b \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 52\u066a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 (Pardaev, 2022, p. 109).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1946\u06401950 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 150 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 (Pardaev, 2022, p. 110).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u060c \u0623\u0651\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 300\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644. (2009). <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Sanna, Zainab Saad Zaghloul. (2009). <strong>Uzbekistan, the Heart of Central Asia: The Political, Economic, Social, and Literary Reality<\/strong> (1st ed.). Cairo: Dar Al-Hidaya, Cairo University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0646\u063a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. (2019). <strong>\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (1899\u20131914)<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c (131). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim, Nagham Salam. (2019). <strong>Joseph Stalin and His Political Role in Russia (1899\u20131914)<\/strong>. Journal of Arts, (131). College of Education Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1999). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> (\u06372\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629: \u0646\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0641). \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahmadov, Boriboy, &amp; Munawwarov, Zahidullah. (1999). <strong>Arabs and Islam in Uzbekistan: The History of Central Asia from the Era of Ruling Dynasties to the Present<\/strong> (2nd ed., revised by Nematullah Ibrahimov). Al-Matbouat Company for Distribution and Publishing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2025). <strong>\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a (626\u0647\u0640\/1229\u0645) \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c 33(93).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ahmadi, Samar Abdullah. (2025). <strong>The Khwarazm Region in Mu\u02bfjam al-Buld\u0101n by Yaqut al-Hamawi (626 AH\/1229 CE) as a Model<\/strong>. Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Arts, 33(93).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628. (1960). <strong>\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/strong> (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0648\u060c \u06371). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bracey, Philip. (1960). <strong>A Brief History of the Soviet Union<\/strong> (Jalil Qatto, Trans., 1st ed.). Cairo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641. (1997). <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bandar Oghlu, Abdullatif. (1997). <strong>A View of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan: A Study of Their Historical, Geographical, and Political Conditions<\/strong>. Baghdad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062d. (2011). <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (1991\u20131997)<\/strong>. \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Tamimi, Wijdan Karoun Freih. (2011). <strong>Iran\u2019s Policy toward the Central Asian Republics (1991\u20131997)<\/strong>. Academic Book Center.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2020). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 (1879\u20131953\u0645)<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 17(2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Joujan, Youssef Mohammed Mustafa, &amp; Al-Hashimi, Iyad Ali Yasin. (2020). <strong>The Dictatorial Policy of Soviet President Joseph Stalin (1879\u20131953)<\/strong>. Journal of Research of the College of Basic Education, 17(2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2005). <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/strong> (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hafiz, Talib Hussein. (2005). <strong>The Policy of the Russian Federation toward the Islamic Republics in Central Asia<\/strong> (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). College of Political Science, University of Baghdad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0634\u0648\u060c \u0634\u0630\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. (2022). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 (1991\u20132000)<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 2(\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rasho, Shatha Faisal, &amp; Karim, Mohammed Dakhil. (2022). <strong>Uzbekistan\u2019s Foreign Orientations after Independence (1991\u20132000)<\/strong>. Journal of Education for Humanities, 2(Special Issue).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631. (1990). <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong>. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Suleiman, Ali Haider. (1990). <strong>History of Modern European Civilization<\/strong>. Dar Wasit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (2025). <strong>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642: \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shabib, Asaad Kazim, et al. (2025). <strong>The Former Soviet Union Republics: New Facts on Old Ground<\/strong> (1st ed.). Al-Rafidain Center for Dialogue.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0644. (1961). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong> (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a). \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Schneider, Lewis L. (1961). <strong>The World in the Twentieth Century<\/strong> (Saeed Abboud Al-Samarrai, Trans.). Al-Hayat Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f. (2006). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/strong>. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sheikh, Lotfy Al-Sayed. (2006). <strong>The American-Russian Conflict in Central Asia<\/strong>. Dar Al-Ahmadi for Publishing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636. (1983). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 1914\u20131945<\/strong> (\u06372). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Samad, Riyad. (1983). <strong>International Relations in the Twentieth Century: The Development of Events during the Interwar Period, 1914\u20131945<\/strong> (2nd ed.). University Foundation for Studies, Publishing, and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2020). <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel Halim, Wafaa Mahmoud, &amp; Ali, Habiba Mohammed. (2020). <strong>The History and Civilization of Uzbekistan from Ancient Times to Contemporary History<\/strong> (1st ed.). Nour Hawran for Studies, Publishing, and Heritage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u064a\u0633. (2016). <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (1917\u20131991)<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c (43).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdul-Mumin, Bushra Tayes. (2016). <strong>The Policy of Russification in Central Asia (1917\u20131991)<\/strong>. Journal of Studies in History and Archaeology, (43).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646. (1996). <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c (361).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Otaibi, Zain bin Abdullah bin Zain. (1996). <strong>Uzbekistan: Past, Present, and Future<\/strong>. Islamic Awareness Magazine, (361).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629. (2011). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (1991\u20132010)<\/strong> (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Adailah, Abdullah Falah Odeh. (2011). <strong>International Competition in Central Asia (1991\u20132010)<\/strong> (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Middle East University, Jordan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. (1995). <strong>\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/strong> (\u06371). \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Aboudi, Mohammed bin Nasser. (1995). <strong>Central Asian Diaries<\/strong> (1st ed.). King Fahd National Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645. (2014). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a (1918\u20131939)<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1(17).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Anbaki, Qahtan Hamid Kazim, &amp; Abd, Ahmed Mohammed Jassim. (2014). <strong>Internal Developments in the Soviet Union (1918\u20131939)<\/strong>. Journal of the College of Basic Education for Educational and Human Sciences, 1(17).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644. (2005). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Atwan, Abbas Fadhel. (2005). <strong>The Geopolitical Components of the Central Asian Republics and Their Impact on the Arab World: Uzbekistan as a Model<\/strong>. Higher Institute for Political and International Studies, Al-Mustansiriyah University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. (\u062f.\u062a.). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632<\/strong> (\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645: \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u06371). \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adas, Mohammed Youssef. (n.d.). <strong>Islam and Muslims in Central Asia and the Caucasus<\/strong> (Preface by Walid Fikri Faris, 1st ed.). Center for Islamic World Studies, International Islamic University Malaysia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a. (1999). <strong>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong> (\u062c1\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Volkogonov, Dmitri. (1999). <strong>Stalin: Reality and Myth<\/strong> (Vol. 1, Hazem Hegazy, Trans.). Dar Al-Mashreq for Printing, Publishing, and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2021). <strong>\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1939<\/strong> (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Karaai, Miqdad Mohammed Yasin. (2021). <strong>Joseph Stalin and His Role in the Domestic Policy of the Soviet Union until 1939<\/strong> (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). College of Education for Humanities, University of Tikrit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644. (2006). <strong>\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> (\u06371). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kamal, Ahmed Adel. (2006). <strong>Central Asia from the Islamic Conquest to the Present<\/strong> (1st ed.). Dar Al-Salam for Printing, Publishing, Distribution, and Translation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1997). <strong>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0634\u0642\u0646\u062f<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c (19)\u060c 81\u201382.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mangouri, Hassan Abdullah. (1997). <strong>The Republic of Uzbekistan: The Capital Tashkent<\/strong>. The Diplomat Magazine, (19), 81\u201382.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u062d\u064a. (2013). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/strong> (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Musawi, Suha Mustafa Jaber Zahi. (2013). <strong>The Russian Strategy toward Central Asia: Legacy and Future<\/strong> (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). College of Political Science, Al-Nahrain University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (1998). <strong>\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohammed, Sabah Mahmoud. (1998). <strong>Geography of Islamic Countries<\/strong>. Dar Al-Amal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. (\u062f.\u062a.). <strong>\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0641<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mc-doualiya.com\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.mc-doualiya.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Monte Carlo Doualiya. (n.d.). <strong>The Death of Joseph Stalin: The Soviet Union and Khrushchev\u2019s Communism<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mc-doualiya.com\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.mc-doualiya.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (1973). <strong>\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/strong> (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nilchuk, et al. (1973). <strong>A Brief History of Soviet Society<\/strong> (Khairy Al-Damen, Trans.). Progress Publishers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2024). <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a (1917\u20131929\u0645)<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c 67(2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yasin, Miqdad Mohammed. (2024). <strong>Britain\u2019s Position on the Bolshevik Revolution and the Establishment of the Soviet Union (1917\u20131929)<\/strong>. Journal of the Iraqi University, 67(2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abazov, R. (2008). The Palgrave concise historical atlas of Central Asia (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Barmin, V. (2023). Searching for forms and methods of acting on indigenous population by Turkestan Soviet and Communist Party bodies in the context of fighting the Basmachi in 1918\u20131924. RUDN Journal of Russian History, 22(1).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bozorovich, P. A. (2025). Post-war economic reconstruction and foreign economic relations in Uzbekistan (1946\u20131953). In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advance Research in Humanities, Applied Sciences and Education (ICARHSE). Berlin, Germany.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bregel, Y. (2003). An historical atlas of Central Asia (Vol. 9). Brill Academic Publishers.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Country Economy. (2014). Population of Uzbekistan. https:\/\/countryeconomy.com\/demography\/population\/uzbekistan?year=2014&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Develi, T. O. (2023). An Azerbaijani woman from the stage to the front: Ziba Pasha Qizi Ganiyeva. In Proceedings of the 4th International Azerbaijan Congress on Humanities and Social Sciences. BZT Academy Publishing.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">International Atomic Energy Agency. (2020). World uranium geology, exploration, resources and production. IAEA.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Isakova, M. S. (2024). Social and economic life of Uzbek SSR (1925\u20131940). ZIEN Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 39.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jummayev, A. F., Bozorov, Q. D. O., &amp; Vafoqulov, S. S. O. (2022). Children of the Motherland (Fayzulla Khojayev, Usmon Yusupov). JournalNX, 8(4).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Landon, J. E. (2025). Full circle: Identity, Soviet nationalities policy, and Central Asia. Fourth World Journal, 24(2).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pardaev, T. (2022). Transfer of economic life in Uzbekistan after World War II to a peaceful track: Problems, results and mistakes. European Scholar Journal (ESJ), 3(10).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">PeakVisor. (n.d.). Uzbekistan Mountains. https:\/\/peakvisor.com\/adm\/uzbekistan.html<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sharifiy, N. S. O. (2024). Religious policy of the Soviet state in Central Asia, with a focus on Uzbekistan (1930\u20131950s). Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Innovations, 4(8).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Teshaboyeva, N. Z. Q., &amp; Berdimurodova, D. Q. (2022). Establishment of Soviet power in Turkestan: Arrangements taken by the Soviet authorities in Uzbekistan and their colonial essence. Tadqiqotlar, 7(37).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Y\u00fcce, \u00c7. K. (2006). Kafkasya ve Orta Asya enerji kaynaklar\u0131. \u00d6t\u00fcken Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0410. \u0413. (2020). \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.: \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, (6).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432, \u041a., &amp; \u0417\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0410. (2017). \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 (1917\u20131991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b) (1-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434.). \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0413\u0430\u0444\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0413\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0430.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17368","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17368"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17370,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17368\/revisions\/17370"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}