{"id":17253,"date":"2026-06-30T09:01:52","date_gmt":"2026-06-30T09:01:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-7-15\/"},"modified":"2026-06-30T09:30:57","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T09:30:57","slug":"7-7-15","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-7-15\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 15"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645. \u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0629<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649 - \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: intisar.abdulridha@mu.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Strategic Importance of the Korean Peninsula in the Sino-Japanese Conflict from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Assist. Lect. Intisar Abdul Redha Lafta<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Al-Muthanna University, College of Education for Human Sciences, Iraq. E-mail: intisar.abdulridha@mu.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/15' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/15<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/15' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/15<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (7). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 248 - 297<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-01 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue7\/7-7-15.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Lect. 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A.. (2026). The Strategic Importance of the Korean Peninsula in the Sino-Japanese Conflict from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Lafta Intisar Abdul Redha. 2026. \\&quot;The Strategic Importance of the Korean Peninsula in the Sino-Japanese Conflict from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Lafta I. A.. 2026. The Strategic Importance of the Korean Peninsula in the Sino-Japanese Conflict from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-07-01. [Cited 2026-07-01]. 7(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-15\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Lafta I. A.. The Strategic Importance of the Korean Peninsula in the Sino-Japanese Conflict from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-07-01; 7(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/15&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Lafta I. A., \\&quot;The Strategic Importance of the Korean Peninsula in the Sino-Japanese Conflict from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/15&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Lafta Intisar Abdul Redha. \\&quot;The Strategic Importance of the Korean Peninsula in the Sino-Japanese Conflict from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/15&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0627. \u0639. 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7\u060c 2026-07-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/15&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div 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direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the strategic importance of the Korean Peninsula in the Sino-Japanese conflict during the period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century\u060c as it represented an intermediate region between two major regional powers in East Asia. The study is based on the premise that Korea\u2019s geographical location was not merely a natural factor\u060c but an active element in shaping the political\u060c military\u060c and cultural relations between China and Japan. The study adopts the historical-analytical method by tracing Korea\u2019s geographical and civilizational position\u060c its role in transmitting Chinese influences to Japan\u060c and the manifestations of political and military competition between the two powers over the peninsula\u060c particularly during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894\u20131895. The study concludes that Korea served as a civilizational link and a strategic passage between the Asian mainland and the Japanese archipelago\u060c while also functioning as a buffer state within regional balances of power. China viewed Korea as a forward defensive line for protecting its eastern borders\u060c whereas Japan regarded it as a necessary gateway for expansion toward the Asian continent. The study also shows that the transformations of the nineteenth century\u060c particularly the rise of Japan and the decline of Chinese influence\u060c transformed Korea from a dependent sphere within the traditional regional order into an open arena of international conflict. The study concludes that understanding the nature of Sino-Japanese relations cannot be complete without recognizing the geopolitical and military significance of the Korean Peninsula\u060c which has remained a decisive factor in the balance of power in East Asia\u060c both historically and in modern times.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Korean Peninsula\u060c China\u060c Japan\u060c Sino-Japanese Conflict\u060c East Asia\u060c Strategic Importance.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a 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\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(1) Michael J. Seth\u060c A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present\u060c Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers\u060c Lanham\u060c 2011\u060c p. 3..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(2) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c 2014\u060c \u0635 312.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(3) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635 214.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(4) Charles K. Armstrong\u060c The Koreas\u060c Routledge\u060c London\u060c 2014\u060c p. 18..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(5) \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (221) \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u06452\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1979\u060c \u0635605..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(6) \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2001\u060c \u063585&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(7) \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0640 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 64.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(8) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633 (551\u2013479 \u0642.\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 97.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(9) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0642. \u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627 (\u0628\u0648\u0630\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1990\u060c \u0635 142.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(10) Fangyin Zhou\u060c Equilibrium Analysis of the Tributary System\u060c The Chinese Journal of International Politics\u060c Oxford University Press\u060c Oxford\u060c 2011\u060c p. 150.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(11) S. C. M. Paine\u060c The Sino-Japanese War of 1894\u20131895: Perceptions\u060c Power\u060c and Primacy\u060c Cambridge University Press\u060c Cambridge\u060c 2003\u060c p. 45.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(12) James B. Palais\u060c Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty\u060c University of Washington Press\u060c Seattle\u060c 1996\u060c p. 210.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(13) \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 1950\u20131953\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649\u060c 2022\u060c \u0635 45..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(14) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c 2023\u060c \u0635 250.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(15) Key-Hiuk Kim\u060c The Last Phase of the East Asian World Order: Korea\u060c Japan\u060c and the Chinese Empire\u060c 1860\u20131882\u060c Harvard University Press\u060c Cambridge\u060c 1980\u060c p. 25.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(16) S. C. M. Paine\u060c Op. Cit. ; Michael J. Seth\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 3 ; Key-Hiuk Kim\u060cIbi Ibid\u060c p. 25.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(17) Bruce Cumings\u060c Korea\u2019s Place in the Sun: A Modern History\u060c W. W. Norton &amp; Company\u060c New York\u060c 2005\u060c p. 28.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(18) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1999\u060c \u0635 30\u201333..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(19) \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (\u0643\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0634\u064a\u0644\u0627) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u062c\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 32\u201335&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(20) \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u064a &#8220;\u0647\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a&#8221; \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (206 \u0642.\u0645 \u2013 220 \u0645) \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a (618\u2013907 \u0645) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>-Patricia Buckley Ebrey\u060c The Cambridge Illustrated History of China\u060c Cambridge University Press\u060c Cambridge\u060c 2010\u060c p. 62.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(21) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627)\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 1989\u060c \u0635 \u0635 112\u2013115.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(22) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Peter Harvey\u060c An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings\u060c History and Practices\u060c Cambridge University Press\u060c Cambridge\u060c 2013\u060c p. 9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(23) \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0643\u0627&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 538\u2013710\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>-Edwin O. Reischauer\u060c Japan: The Story of a Nation\u060c McGraw-Hill\u060c New York\u060c 1990\u060c p. 25.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(24)Kenneth B. Pyle\u060c The Making of Modern Japan\u060c D.C. Heath &amp; Company\u060c Lexington\u060c 1996\u060c p. 15..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(25) Theodore de Bary Wm\u060c Sources of East Asian Tradition\u060c Columbia University Press\u060c New York\u060c 2008\u060c p. 102.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(26) Carter J. Eckert et al.\u060c Korea Old and New: A History\u060c Harvard University Press\u060c Cambridge\u060c 1990\u060c p. 28.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(27) Bruce Cumings\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 34.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(28) Christopher M. Dent\u060c New Economic Regionalism in Northeast Asia\u060c Routledge\u060c London\u060c 2008\u060c p. 72.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(29) Michael J. Seth\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 78.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(30) Carter J. Eckert et al.\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 34..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(31) \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (918\u20131392\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1392\u20131910\u0645) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>-Michael J. Seth\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 112.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(32) Theodore de Bary Wm\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 145..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(33) Martina Deuchler\u060c The Confucian Transformation of Korea\u060c Harvard University Press\u060c Cambridge\u060c 1992\u060c p. 56.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(34) Bruce Cumings\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 41.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(35) Patricia Buckley Ebrey\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 89.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(36) Charles K. Armstrong\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 20..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(37) Carter J. Eckert et al.\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 41..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(38) Edwin O. Reischauer\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 30.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(39) Theodore de Bary Wm\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 167.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(40) Bruce Cumings\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 39.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(41) Patricia Buckley Ebrey\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 95.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(42) Martina Deuchler\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 63.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(43) \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629): \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063595..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(44) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635110..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(45) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 25..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(46) \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a (960\u20131279\u0645): \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:-Patricia Buckley Ebrey\u060c Op.Cit.\u060c p. 138.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(47) \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (1271\u20131368\u0645): \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:Ibid\u060c p. 154.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(48) \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c\u060c 1990\u060c \u0635 89..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(49) \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a (1368\u20131644\u0645): \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646\u063a (\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: -Patricia Buckley Ebrey\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 161.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(50) \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (1592\u20131598\u0645): \u0634\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u062c\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a)\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>-Kenneth M. Swope\u060c A Dragon&#8217;s Head and a Serpent&#8217;s Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War 1592\u20131598\u060c University of Oklahoma Press\u060c Norman\u060c 2009\u060c p.3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(51) Edwin O. Reischauer &amp; John K. Fairbank\u060c East Asia: The Great Tradition\u060c Houghton Mifflin\u060c Boston\u060c 1960\u060c p. 412.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(52) \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a (1644\u20131912\u0645): \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1912 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>-Patricia Buckley Ebrey\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 192.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(53) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1894\u20131895\u0645): \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>-S. C. M. Paine\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(54) \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a (1895\u0645): \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: Ibid\u060c p. 207..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(55) Bruce Cumings\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 45..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(56) S. C. M. Paine\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 45.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(57)Michael J. Seth\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 201..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(58) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1904\u20131905\u0645): \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>-Geoffrey Jukes\u060c The Russo-Japanese War 1904\u20131905\u060c Osprey Publishing\u060c Oxford\u060c 2002\u060c p. 9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(60) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 88\u201390.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(61) Carter J. Eckert et al.\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 211.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(62) \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062c\u064a (1868\u20131912\u0645): \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a &#8220;\u0645\u064a\u062c\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0627)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Marius B. Jansen\u060c The Making of Modern Japan\u060c Harvard University Press\u060c Cambridge\u060c 2000\u060c p. 334.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(63) S. C. M. Paine\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 12.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(65) \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (1894\u0645): \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u201c\u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1894\u20131895\u0645)\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:Carter J. Eckert et al.\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 189.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(66) Bruce Cumings\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 95.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(67) Patricia Buckley Ebrey\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 254.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(68) Carter J. Eckert et al.\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 190.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(69) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 90\u201392.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(70) Michael J. Seth\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 15.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(71) Fairbank\u060c John King\u060c China: A New History\u060c Harvard University Press\u060c Cambridge\u060c 1992\u060c p. 112..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(72) Kenneth M. Swope\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 21..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(73) Marius B. Jansen\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 345..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(74) S. C. M. Paine\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 30.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(75) Carter J. Eckert et al.\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p.5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(76) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 75..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(77) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 (1947\u20131991\u0645): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">-John Lewis Gaddis\u060c The Cold War: A New History\u060c Penguin Press\u060c New York\u060c 2005\u060c p. 1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(78) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1950\u20131953\u0645): \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 38\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>-William Stueck\u060c The Korean War: An International History\u060c Princeton University Press\u060c Princeton\u060c 1995\u060c p. 2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(79) Bruce Cumings\u060c Op. Cit.\u060c p. 25.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062f. (1979). \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Al-Enein, Hassan Sayed. (1979). Regional Geography of the World: Monsoon Asia and the Pacific World. Beirut: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiyya.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2000). \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amin, Hussein Ahmed. (2000). The Dawn of Chinese Philosophy. Cairo: Egyptian General Book Authority.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 1950\u20131953\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amin, Fakhriya Ali. (2022). The War in the Korean Peninsula, 1950\u20131953. Diyala Journal for Humanities Research, University of Diyala.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a. (2001). \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Darwish, Fawzi. (2001). The Far East: China and Japan. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633. (2008). \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Zouka, Mohammed Khamis. (2008). Asia: A Geographical Study. Alexandria: Dar Al-Maarefa Al-Jami\u2018iyya.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u062a. (2023). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sharif, Ali Ghannam, &amp; Tawfiq, Saif Nusrat. (2023). Sino-Japanese Relations in Light of the Dispute over the East China Sea. Tikrit Journal of Political Science, University of Tikrit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1999). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shinnawi, Abdul Aziz Mohammed. (1999). Modern and Contemporary History of Asia. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiyya.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. (2012). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Saleh, Abdul Aziz. (2012). History and Civilization of East Asia. Cairo: Center for Asian Studies, Cairo University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2014). \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdul Karim, Mohammed Hussein. (2014). Geography of the Asian Continent. Amman: Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1990). \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kamel Hussein, Mohammed. (1990). Ancient India: Its Civilization and Religions. Cairo: Egyptian General Book Authority.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (1989). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mo\u2019nis, Hussein. (1989). History of Asian Civilizations: China, Japan, and Korea. Kuwait: Alam Al-Ma\u2018rifa, National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (1990). \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eckert, Carter J., et al. (1990). Korea Old and New: A History. Cambridge: Harvard University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Armstrong, Charles K. (2014). The Koreas. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cumings, Bruce. (2005). Korea\u2019s Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dent, Christopher M. (2008). New Economic Regionalism in Northeast Asia. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Deuchler, Martina. (1992). The Confucian Transformation of Korea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eckert, Carter J., Lee, Ki-baik, Lew, Young Ick, Robinson, Michael, &amp; Wagner, Edward W. (1990). Korea Old and New: A History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fairbank, John King. (1992). China: A New History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fangyin, Zhou. (2011). Equilibrium Analysis of the Tributary System. The Chinese Journal of International Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Harvey, Peter. (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jukes, Geoffrey. (2002). The Russo-Japanese War 1904\u20131905. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kim, Key-Hiuk. (1980). The Last Phase of the East Asian World Order: Korea, Japan, and the Chinese Empire, 1860\u20131882. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Paine, S. C. M. (2003). The Sino-Japanese War of 1894\u20131895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Palais, James B. (1996). Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty. Seattle: University of Washington Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pyle, Kenneth B. (1996). The Making of Modern Japan. Lexington: D. C. Heath &amp; Company.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Reischauer, Edwin O. (1990). Japan: The Story of a Nation. New York: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Reischauer, Edwin O., &amp; Fairbank, John K. (1960). East Asia: The Great Tradition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Seth, Michael J. (2011). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stueck, William. (1995). The Korean War: An International History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Swope, Kenneth M. (2009). A Dragon\u2019s Head and a Serpent\u2019s Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592\u20131598. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Theodore de Bary, Wm. (2008). Sources of East Asian Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17253","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17253"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17326,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17253\/revisions\/17326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}