{"id":17244,"date":"2026-06-30T09:01:48","date_gmt":"2026-06-30T09:01:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-7-6\/"},"modified":"2026-06-30T09:11:19","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T09:11:19","slug":"7-7-6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-7-6\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 6"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0627\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: hamdananas85@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Role of Digital Administration in Improving Creative Practices among Secondary School Administrations<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Anas Hamdan<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Al-Qasemi Academy, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> hamdananas85@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/6' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj77\/6<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/6' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/77\/6<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (7). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 88 - 108<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-05 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-06-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue7\/7-7-6.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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(2026). The Role of Digital Administration in Improving Creative Practices among Secondary School Administrations. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/6&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hamdan Anas. 2026. \\&quot;The Role of Digital Administration in Improving Creative Practices among Secondary School Administrations.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/6&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hamdan A.. 2026. The Role of Digital Administration in Improving Creative Practices among Secondary School Administrations. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-07-01. [Cited 2026-07-01]. 7(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-7-6\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/6&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hamdan A.. The Role of Digital Administration in Improving Creative Practices among Secondary School Administrations. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-07-01; 7(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/6&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hamdan A., \\&quot;The Role of Digital Administration in Improving Creative Practices among Secondary School Administrations,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/6&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hamdan Anas. \\&quot;The Role of Digital Administration in Improving Creative Practices among Secondary School Administrations.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, 2026-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj77\\\/6&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623. 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\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to examine the role of digital administration in improving creative practices among secondary school administrations by analyzing the impact of employing digital technologies on the development of administrative processes, the enhancement of administrative thinking, and the promotion of school-based creativity. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, as it is a theoretical study based on reviewing relevant literature and previous studies related to digital administration and administrative creativity in educational institutions. The study addressed the concept and importance of digital administration in reducing reliance on paper-based transactions, accelerating task completion, improving information flow, and developing the organizational and human infrastructure within schools. It also discussed its relationship with connectivism theory in education and its role in supporting communication, knowledge exchange, and expanding opportunities for administrative participation through digital media. The analysis revealed that digital administration effectively contributes to improving school administrative processes through electronic archiving, facilitating access to data, increasing the efficiency of follow-up and evaluation, and reducing time, effort, and cost. It also showed that digital administration helps develop creative thinking among administrators by enhancing fluency, flexibility, and originality, while stimulating problem-solving abilities and enabling faster and more accurate decision-making. The study concluded that digital transformation in secondary schools is not merely a technical modernization, but rather a strategic approach to developing administrative performance and building a more innovative and effective school environment. The study recommended the development of digital infrastructure, the qualification of administrative staff, and the modification of organizational structures in line with the requirements of digital administration, while paying attention to fostering creative tendencies among administrators and employing technology in ways that support their professional and creative capacities.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Digital Administration, Administrative Creativity, Secondary Schools, Creative Practices, School Administration.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Siemens, 2005).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 (Downes, 2010).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (connectivism theory) \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 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justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a. (Bruns &amp; Patrinos, 2011)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0642. (Peterson &amp; Gijbers, 2003)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0646. (Bruns &amp; Patrinos, 2011)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627. (Bruns &amp; Patrinos, 2011)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. (Anderson, 2006)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. (Barrera et al, 2009)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. (Bruns &amp; Patrions, 2011)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17244-_Toc159119191\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17244-_Toc159119194\"><\/a>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Al-Sayyed, 2015) \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17244-_Toc159119196\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-17244-_Toc159119197\"><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: &#8211;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2008). <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ashqar, M. (2008). <strong>Areas of the contribution of administrative auditing to serving management and rationalizing its decisions in Palestinian public shareholding companies<\/strong>. Master\u2019s thesis, Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0630\u0639\u0627\u0631. (2011). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Badrani, Dh. (2011). <strong>Obstacles to administrative creativity among principals of public primary schools in Buraidah from the perspectives of principals and vice-principals<\/strong>. Master\u2019s thesis, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642. (2011). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Buhi, F. (2011). <strong>Modern trends in educational and school administration: Concepts and theories, crisis management, time, and meetings<\/strong>. Cairo: New University Publishing House.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642. (2014). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong>. \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 13\u201316 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bouzehra, M., &amp; Marzouki, R. (2014). <strong>Administrative leadership and its relationship with administrative creativity<\/strong>. Paper presented at the Thirteenth Annual Conference on Management and Creative Leadership for the Development of Institutions in the Arab World, Kuwait, October 13\u201316.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2009). <strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0625\u0631\u0628\u062f: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jabran, M. (2009). <strong>The degree of possibility of applying self-management in public schools from the perspectives of educational leaders in the Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia<\/strong>. Irbid: Yarmouk University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2012). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 28(2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hallaq, M. (2012). <strong>Requirements for achieving decentralization in basic and general secondary education schools in the Syrian Arab Republic: A field study in Rif Dimashq Governorate<\/strong>. Damascus University Journal, 28(2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645. (2014). <strong>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamadto, H. (2014). <strong>Teachers\u2019 attitudes toward using e-learning in secondary schools in Omdurman locality, Khartoum<\/strong>. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, Faculty of Education, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a. (2018). <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 19(1)\u060c 103\u2013140.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hannawi, M. (2018). <strong>The reality of students\u2019 use of self-regulated e-learning and their attitudes toward it at Al-Quds Open University<\/strong>. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 19(1), 103\u2013140.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062f. (2016). <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hantouli, T. (2016). <strong>The reality of e-learning at An-Najah National University and its role in achieving interaction among learners from the perspectives of graduate students in the Faculty of Education programs and faculty members<\/strong>. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, An-Najah National University, Palestine.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2015). <strong>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c 2(6)\u060c 258\u2013412.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Da\u2018is, M. (2015). <strong>Faculty members\u2019 attitudes toward employing the Internet in scientific research and teaching at the Faculty of Education, Arhab, Sana\u2019a University<\/strong>. Al-Nasser University Journal, 2(6), 258\u2013412.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0648\u062f. (2007). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Dosari, K. (2007). <strong>Self-management in girls\u2019 schools in Riyadh: A proposed model<\/strong>. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f. (2015). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sayed, W. (2015). <strong>Obstacles to applying electronic administration in human resources management: A case study of Alia Specialized Hospital<\/strong>. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. (2018). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Alam, I. (2018). <strong>Obstacles to applying electronic administration in human resources management from the perspectives of human resources managers and employees at the Palestinian Ministry of Health in Ramallah and Al-Bireh Governorate<\/strong>. Master\u2019s thesis, Al-Quds University, Palestine.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. (2015). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649: \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 19(1)\u060c 219\u2013256.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Awad, M., &amp; Helles, M. (2015). <strong>Attitudes toward distance learning technology and their relationship with some variables among postgraduate students in Palestinian universities<\/strong>. Al-Aqsa University Journal: Humanities Series, 19(1), 219\u2013256.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. (2011). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645<\/strong>. \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c 15\u201316 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ghorani, I. (2011). <strong>Obstacles to creativity among male and female teachers of gifted schools in Jordan from their perspectives<\/strong>. Paper presented at the Eighth Arab Scientific Conference for the Care of the Gifted and Talented, Arab Council for the Gifted and Talented, October 15\u201316.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f. (2011). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0642: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 2(70)\u060c 153\u2013179.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Furaihat, A., Barakat, S., &amp; Al-Da\u2018oum, H. (2011). <strong>Obstacles to creative thinking among kindergarten children in Ajloun Governorate, Jordan, from the perspectives of their teachers<\/strong>. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Zagazig University: Educational and Psychological Studies, 2(70), 153\u2013179.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sayyed, Fareed. (2015). <em>A framework for e-Learning A acceptance: A Case Study of the Palestinian Universities<\/em>. Master thesis, An Najah National University, Palestine.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anderson, S. (2006). The school district\u2019s role in educational change. <em>Int. J. of Educational Reform<\/em>, 15(1), 13-37<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Barrera, F., Fasih, T., Patrinos, A. &amp; Santib\u00e1\u00f1ez, L. (2009). <em>Directions in development: decentralized decision-making in schools the theory and evidence on school-based management. <\/em>Washington D.C.: The World Bank.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bruns, F. and Patrinos, H. (2011). <em>Making schools work: new evidence on accountability reforms<\/em>. World Bank.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Downes, S. (2010). New technology supporting informal learning. <em>Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence<\/em>, 2(1), 27-33.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hartog, R., Scholten, H. &amp; Beulens, A. (2013). <em>Output- Classes for Faculty-Based Design-Oriented Research on Digital Learning Resources in Higher Education<\/em>. Proceedings of Informing Science &amp; IT Education Conference (InSITE).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Macleod, H. &amp; Sinclair, C. (2015). Digital Learning and the Changing Role of the Teacher. <em>Encyclopaedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory<\/em>, 1-5.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Peterson, W. (2003). <em>An Organizational performance for Agriculture Research Organizations<\/em>. London<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. <em>International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning,<\/em> 2(1), 3-10.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17244","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17244"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17244\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17272,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17244\/revisions\/17272"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}