{"id":1707,"date":"2021-10-01T07:40:35","date_gmt":"2021-10-01T07:40:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=1707"},"modified":"2021-10-01T07:42:42","modified_gmt":"2021-10-01T07:42:42","slug":"2-10-14","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/2-10-14\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0623.\u062f.\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u06391<\/sup> \u0623.\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u06462<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u2013 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: drhmanna@hotmail.com<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0638\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21014<\/p>\n

\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/10\/2021\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 20\/09\/2021\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629… \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064e\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u2013 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646: \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u061b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u061b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a).<\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>Research Article <\/strong><\/p>\n

Metrics, Rhythm and the Role of Rhyme in the Poetry of Ibrahim Al-Kufahi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prof. Hashim S. Manna1<\/sup> \u00a0& Shifaa M. Yasin 2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Professor of Postgraduate Studies in Criticism and Literature, Ex-Dean of the College of Arts, Isra University, Jordan.<\/p>\n

Email: drhmanna@hotmail.com<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> Ex-Lecturer of Arabic language , Zayed University – Abu Dhabi – UAE.<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj21014<\/p>\n

\n

Published at 01\/10\/2021 Accepted at 20\/09\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This study discusses the effects of rhyme on the rhythmic patterns and music of the Poetry of Dr. Ibrahim Al-Kufahi with special reference to the Complete Works published in his Diwan. \u00a0His works, which vary from classical formal poetry to modern free verse, are studied according to their adherence to the traditional Arabic Prosody, formal rhyme and other important contents. Moreover, as researchers in literature and criticism, we believe that a textual reading of his Diwan, the Complete Works, will show the aims and aesthetical treasures of his works. \u00a0Therefore, we undertook this task of studying samples of the poetical works of Al-Kufahi, exploring the metres, rhythms and rhymes used by him and their overall influence on the objectives and music of poetry. \u00a0The study uses the analytical, descriptive and statistical methods in addition to using any other necessary tools. A conclusion will be added to show the research findings.<\/p>\n

\n

Key Words: <\/strong>meters, rhythm, rhyme, Al_kufahi.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u061b \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u061b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u061b \u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061b \u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646…<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0628\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1967)\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1989)\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1992) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1998).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1998)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647:<\/strong> \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1997. (\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629).<\/li>\n
  2. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631: \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2000\u0645. (\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629).<\/li>\n
  3. \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0624\u0648\u0637: \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2002.<\/li>\n
  4. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 (\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2002\u0645.<\/li>\n
  5. \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c (\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2003.<\/li>\n
  6. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 : \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c 2005\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 (100).<\/li>\n
  7. \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629) : \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c 2006\u0645.<\/li>\n
  8. \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u060c (\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c 2006\u0645.<\/li>\n
  9. \u0645\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639 : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c 2006\u0645.<\/li>\n
  10. \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u060c (\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c 2007\u0645.<\/li>\n
  11. \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0631\u0628\u062f : \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c 2008\u0645.<\/li>\n
  12. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u060c 2019 .<\/li>\n
  13. \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0634 : \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u06371\u060c 2020 .( \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629) .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n