{"id":16992,"date":"2026-06-03T21:53:44","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T21:53:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-6-60\/"},"modified":"2026-06-03T21:53:44","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T21:53:44","slug":"7-6-60","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-6-60\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 60"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: ahmdkamlwady@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Psychological Independence among University Students<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Ahmed Kamel Wadi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Psychological Research Center, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> ahmdkamlwady@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/60' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/60<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/60' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/60<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (6). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 1072 - 1093<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-25 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue6\/7-6-60.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; 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K.. (2026). Psychological Independence among University Students. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Wadi Ahmed Kamel. 2026. \\&quot;Psychological Independence among University Students.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Wadi A. K.. 2026. Psychological Independence among University Students. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-06-01. [Cited 2026-06-04]. 7(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-60\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Wadi A. K.. Psychological Independence among University Students. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-06-01; 7(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Wadi A. K., \\&quot;Psychological Independence among University Students,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Wadi Ahmed Kamel. \\&quot;Psychological Independence among University Students.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623. \u0643. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623. \u0643. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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[\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-06-01\u061b 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623. \u0643. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/60&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 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data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> The research aimed to identify the level of psychological independence among university students and to examine statistically significant differences in psychological independence according to gender. The study adopted the descriptive method. The research population consisted of students at Al-Mustansiriya University, while the sample included 400 morning-study students selected through stratified random sampling, with 200 males and 200 females. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a psychological independence scale based on Gordon Allport\u2019s trait theory. In its final form, the scale consisted of 20 items distributed across five dimensions: independence in self-direction and decision-making, independence from childhood motives and family guidance, psychological maturity and responsibility, emotional independence and social relationships, and future orientation and self-actualization. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified, with Cronbach\u2019s alpha reaching 0.877, indicating good reliability. After statistical analysis, the results showed that university students did not have a high level of psychological independence compared with the hypothetical mean of the scale. The results also revealed statistically significant differences in psychological independence according to gender in favor of males. In light of these findings, the study recommended designing counseling and training programs within universities to develop psychological independence skills, enhance students\u2019 ability to make decisions and assume responsibility, and pay special attention to empowering female students and supporting their psychological independence.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Psychological independence; university students; trait theory; Gordon Allport; gender differences.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16992","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16992","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16992"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16992\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}