{"id":16982,"date":"2026-06-01T02:24:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-6-53\/"},"modified":"2026-06-01T02:24:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:24:00","slug":"7-6-53","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-6-53\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 53"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Coercive Duress in Iraqi Civil Law<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Muntaser Khalaf Ali\u00b9, Ali Al-Rahal\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic University of Lebanon.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/53' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/53<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/53' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/53<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (6). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 929 - 945<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-25 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue6\/7-6-53.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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K., Al-Rahal A.. (2026). Coercive Duress in Iraqi Civil Law. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/53&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Ali Muntaser Khalaf, Al-Rahal Ali. 2026. \\&quot;Coercive Duress in Iraqi Civil Law.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/53&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Ali M. K., Al-Rahal A.. 2026. Coercive Duress in Iraqi Civil Law. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-06-01. [Cited 2026-06-01]. 7(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-53\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/53&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Ali M. K., Al-Rahal A.. Coercive Duress in Iraqi Civil Law. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-06-01; 7(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/53&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Ali M. K., Al-Rahal A., \\&quot;Coercive Duress in Iraqi Civil Law,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/53&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Ali Muntaser Khalaf, Al-Rahal Ali. \\&quot;Coercive Duress in Iraqi Civil Law.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/53&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645. \u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639. 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062c\u0626\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines coercive duress in Iraqi civil law as one of the defects of will that affects the validity of consent when concluding legal transactions\u060c as well as the legal consequences it produces with respect to the enforceability of contracts and the stability of transactions. The significance of the study lies in clarifying the distinction between free will and defective will arising from fear or threat\u060c particularly in cases where duress reaches such a serious degree that it compels a contracting party to conclude a contract in order to avoid a greater harm. The study aims to define the concept of coercive duress linguistically\u060c jurisprudentially\u060c and legally under Iraqi civil law; to identify its types and conditions; to analyze its effect on suspended contracts; and to clarify the coerced party\u2019s right either to ratify or revoke the contract\u060c as well as the right to claim compensation for material and moral damages resulting from duress. The study adopts the inductive method in collecting the scientific material and the descriptive-analytical method in analyzing the relevant legal provisions and juristic opinions. It concludes that coercive duress is based on two main elements: a material element\u060c represented by the use of pressure or threats involving a serious and imminent danger to life\u060c property\u060c or honor; and a psychological element\u060c represented by the fear that dominates the will of the contracting party and drives him to conclude the transaction. The study also concludes that a contract concluded under duress is not void from the outset; rather\u060c it is suspended in favor of the coerced party\u060c who\u060c after the duress ceases\u060c may either ratify it expressly or implicitly or revoke it\u060c while retaining the right to claim compensation in accordance with the rules of tort liability. The study recommends reconsidering certain provisions of the Iraqi Civil Code\u060c particularly those related to establishing a more precise criterion for distinguishing coercive duress from non-coercive duress\u060c expanding the category of persons whose threatened harm may be legally considered\u060c and introducing an explicit provision regulating duress committed by a third party in a manner that ensures greater protection of contractual will and the stability of transactions.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Coercive duress\u060c defects of will\u060c Iraqi civil law\u060c suspended contract\u060c compensation\u060c tort liability.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16982","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16982","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16982"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16982\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16982"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}