{"id":16976,"date":"2026-06-01T02:23:58","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-6-47\/"},"modified":"2026-06-06T18:08:20","modified_gmt":"2026-06-06T18:08:20","slug":"7-6-47","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-6-47\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 47"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645.\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a:  aliases489@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Islam and Disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Asst. Lect. Ali Abbas Asi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Imam Al-Abbas Primary School, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> aliases489@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/47' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/47<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/47' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/47<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (6). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 812 - 831<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-05-25 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue6\/7-6-47.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Lect. Ali Abbas Asi\u00b9&quot;,&quot;authors_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645.\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a&quot;,&quot;title_en&quot;:&quot;Islam and Disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2026&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;7&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-47\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2026-06-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Asi A. A.. (2026). Islam and Disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Asi Ali Abbas. 2026. \\&quot;Islam and Disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Asi A. A.. 2026. Islam and Disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-06-01. [Cited 2026-06-21]. 7(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-47\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Asi A. A.. Islam and Disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-06-01; 7(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Asi A. A., \\&quot;Islam and Disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Asi Ali Abbas. \\&quot;Islam and Disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a \u0639. \u0639. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a \u0639. \u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the topic of Islam and disbelief in the Holy Qur\u2019an through a conceptual and analytical approach aimed at defining the linguistic and terminological meanings of Islam, disbelief, and the Holy Qur\u2019an, while clarifying how these concepts are presented in Qur\u2019anic discourse as well as in doctrinal and jurisprudential contexts. The study proceeds from the importance of protecting Muslim society from intellectual and doctrinal deviation, particularly the phenomenon of extremism and uncontrolled takf\u012br, due to its serious effects in fragmenting Muslim unity, distorting the image of Islam, and undermining social and intellectual stability. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical method by tracing the views of linguists, exegetes, jurists, and theologians, and by analyzing relevant Qur\u2019anic texts and narrations. It also highlights the distinction between Islam and faith, and between disbelief in its linguistic, terminological, and jurisprudential senses. The study concludes that Islam, in its essence, is based on submission to Almighty Allah and affirming His oneness, and that it is the one divine religion that unites the heavenly laws in their doctrinal foundation, despite differences in legal rulings and details. It also shows that pronouncing the two testimonies of faith constitutes the outward basis for judging a person as Muslim, whereas faith represents a deeper level based on inner conviction. As for disbelief, the study demonstrates that it is not limited to mere disagreement or sin, but is connected to the denial of the fundamentals of religion or the rejection of religious necessities after the proof has been established. Disbelief also has various levels and forms, including disbelief of denial, disbelief of ingratitude, disbelief of disavowal, and doctrinal disbelief. The study further clarifies that Qur\u2019anic discourse in addressing disbelief is purposeful, speaking to the human being intellectually and emotionally, and linking belief, conduct, and the afterlife. The study ultimately emphasizes the necessity of understanding the concepts of Islam and disbelief according to sound Qur\u2019anic and scholarly principles, away from fanaticism and extremism, in a way that strengthens intellectual security and preserves the unity of Muslim society.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Islam; Disbelief; Holy Qur\u2019an; Intellectual Security; Doctrinal Deviation.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644 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\u0648\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637.<a id=\"post-16976-_Toc165293630\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16976-_Toc165293633\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.maajim.com\/dictionary\/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85\/1\/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8\">\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0629 \u064f 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\u0623\u064e\u064a \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064c \u0623\u064e\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0629(\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c 2005\u060c \u062c6\u060c \u0635281).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.maajim.com\/dictionary\/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85\/2\/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AD\">\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d<\/a>\u00a0\u0633 \u0644 \u0645 : \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648 \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648 \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648 \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0634\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u00a0\u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645(\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 1998\u060c \u0635135).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.maajim.com\/dictionary\/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E\/3\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0650\u0644\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0640\u0650 \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0627\u064b: \u062f\u0628\u064e\u063a\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0650.( \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e ) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0640\u064e \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b: \u0628\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0626\u064e. \u0648\u0640 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0630\u0627: \u062e\u0644\u064e\u0635. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064c\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064c.( \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e ): \u0627\u0646\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064e. \u0648\u0640 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u064e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0640 \u062f\u062e\u064e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0640 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645. \u0648\u0640 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0640 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639: \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645. \u0648\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u064e \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647: \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647. \u0648\u0640 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064e\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647: \u0641\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0636\u0647(\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635200).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.maajim.com\/dictionary\/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85\/5\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0629\u064c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062f\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0648\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0641\u064f. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u0634\u062c\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0650\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064c. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0650\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064f: \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0632\u064f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064f. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0648\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0647\u0650 \u0633\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064c \u0641\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0640\u0645\u064e\u0640\u062a\u0652 \u00a0 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0648\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0624\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0628\u0650 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648: &#8220;\u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0629\u064b&#8221; \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c 1987\u060c \u062c4\u060c \u0635211)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645(\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c 2009\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635225).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b 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\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 1999\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u0635191).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631: \u0636\u0650\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0649 \u062a\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0637\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0650\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064f\u062d\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0650\u062a\u0631\u064f\u0647\u0627) (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c 2005\u060c \u062c6\u060c \u0635295).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f: \u063a\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0647: \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0643\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0648\u0643\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0650\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0633\u064e \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0647(\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c 1960\u060c \u0635827).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c 2008\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635295). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647. \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 (6) <strong>\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0643\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064c \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0630\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062d\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 (89) <strong>\u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650<\/strong> (\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c 1401\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635388).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 (19) <strong>\u0648\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0650\u064a \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0644 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<strong>\u0642\u064f\u0644\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e <\/strong> ( \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646:1) \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 : <strong>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0643\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0630\u0650\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0652\u0632\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e <\/strong> ( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645:7)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0630 \u0644\u0645 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\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b(\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635103).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16976-_Toc163574552\"><\/a><a id=\"post-16976-_Toc165293658\"><\/a>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u0670 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0649\u0670 \u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u0670 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0631(\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635103).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16976-_Toc163574553\"><\/a><a id=\"post-16976-_Toc165293659\"><\/a>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u0670 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644 : \u0642\u0644\u062a\u064f \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 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\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 .\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f : (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646&#8230;). (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u060c 1414\u0647\u0640\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635800).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a : (\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644&#8230; \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0631 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062a\u064a\u0628). (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c 1417\u0647\u0640\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635524).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a : (\u0647\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0651)\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644: \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0639&#8230; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0631 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628). 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\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628: \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 &#8220;\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0651\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16976-_Toc165293664\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2002). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Amidi, Ali ibn Muhammad. (2002). <em>Al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631. (2008). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim Anis, Mustafa, Ahmad al-Zayyat, Hamid Abd al-Qadir, &amp; Muhammad al-Najjar. (2008). <em>Al-Mu\u2018jam al-Wasit<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1987). <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Abi al-Izz al-Hanafi, Ali ibn Ali ibn Muhammad. (1987). <em>Commentary on al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah<\/em> (1st ed.). Beirut: Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Arabiyyah, Alam al-Kutub.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1984). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari, Majd al-Din al-Mubarak ibn Muhammad. (1984). <em>Al-Nihayah fi Gharib al-Hadith wa al-Athar<\/em> (1st ed.). Beirut: Mu\u2019assasat al-Risalah, Dar al-Amal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1987). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u06372. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi, Ali ibn Ahmad. (1987). <em>Al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam<\/em> (2nd ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. (1352\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Hazm al-Zahiri, Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa\u2018id. (1352 AH). <em>Al-Muhalla bi al-Athar<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Jabal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627. (1999). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Faris, Ahmad ibn Zakariyya. (1999). <em>Dictionary of Language Standards<\/em>, edited by Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun. Beirut: Dar al-Jil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1413\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639<\/strong>. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Fahd al-Hilli, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. (1413 AH). <em>Al-Muhadhdhab al-Bari\u2018 fi Sharh al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi\u2018<\/em>. Qom: Islamic Publishing Foundation of the Society of Seminary Teachers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645. (2005). <strong>\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u06375. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Manzur, Muhammad ibn Mukarram. (2005). <em>Lisan al-Arab<\/em>, edited by Amir Ahmad Haydar (5th ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631. (2004). <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0627\u062c\u064a. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ismail al-Sadr. (2004). <em>Lectures on the Interpretation of the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/em>, edited by Sami al-Khafaji. Qom: Dar al-Kitab al-Islami.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631. (1982). <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Baqri, Ahmad Maher. (1982). <em>Studies in the Qur\u2019an<\/em>. Alexandria: University Youth Foundation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (1418\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0632\u0628\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u06371. \u0642\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Baha\u2019i al-Amili, Baha\u2019 al-Din Muhammad ibn Husayn. (1418 AH). <em>Zubdat al-Usul<\/em> (1st ed.). Qom: Al-Amiriyah Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f. (2001). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Bushikhi, Al-Shahid. (2001). <em>The Holy Qur\u2019an: The Spirit of the Islamic Ummah<\/em>. Casablanca: Al-Mahajjah Publications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (2008). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bahr al-Ulum, Hasan al-Sayyid Izz al-Din. (2008). <em>Civil Society in Islamic Thought<\/em>. Najaf: Najaf Center for Culture and Research.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f. (1987). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d: \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jawhari, Ismail ibn Hammad. (1987). <em>Al-Sihah: The Crown of Language and the Correct Arabic<\/em>, edited by Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar. Beirut: Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629. (2012). <strong>\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Harrani, Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Shu\u2018bah. (2012). <em>Tuhaf al-Uqul \u2018an Al al-Rasul<\/em>. Beirut: Al-A\u2018lami Foundation for Publications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. (2009). <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hasan, Hasan Ibrahim. (2009). <em>The Political, Religious, Cultural, and Social History of Islam<\/em>. Beirut: Al-A\u2018lami Foundation for Publications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2000). <strong>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Husayni, Muhammad. (2000). <em>Discussions on Islamic Issues<\/em> (1st ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Malak.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a. (1424\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u06372. \u0642\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Hakim, Muhammad Taqi. (1424 AH). <em>The General Principles of Comparative Jurisprudence<\/em> (2nd ed.). Qom: International Center for Islamic Studies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646. (2006). <strong>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u06371. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Hilli, Najm al-Din Ja\u2018far ibn al-Hasan. (2006). <em>The Laws of Islam concerning Issues of the Lawful and the Unlawful<\/em> (1st ed.). Qom: Al-Fiqahah Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631. (1998). <strong>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d<\/strong>\u060c \u06372. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Razi, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Abd al-Qadir. (1998). <em>Mukhtar al-Sihah<\/em> (2nd ed.). Beirut: Arab Cultural Center.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1424\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/strong>. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Raghib al-Isfahani, Al-Husayn ibn Muhammad. (1424 AH). <em>Vocabulary of the Words of the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/em>. Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631. (1960). <strong>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Zamakhshari, Mahmud ibn Umar. (1960). <em>The Foundation of Eloquence<\/em>, edited by Abd al-Rahim Mahmud. Cairo: Dar Ihya\u2019 al-Kutub al-Arabiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (2008). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din. (2008). <em>Al-Muzhir in the Sciences and Types of Language<\/em>, edited by Muhammad Ahmad Jad al-Mawla, Ali Muhammad al-Bijawi, and Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim. Beirut: Dar Ihya\u2019 al-Kutub al-Arabiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1419\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631<\/strong>. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shahhadi, Ali. (1419 AH). <em>Mustadrak al-Bihar<\/em>. Qom: Islamic Publishing Foundation of the Society of Seminary Teachers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641. (1977). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shalabi, Ra\u2019uf. (1977). <em>The Islamic Method in Calling to Allah<\/em>. Cairo: Dar al-I\u2018tisam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644. (2004). <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0627\u062c\u064a. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sadr, Ismail. (2004). <em>Lectures on the Interpretation of the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/em>, edited by Sami al-Khafaji. Qom: Dar al-Kitab al-Islami.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646. (1417\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u06372. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan. (1417 AH). <em>Al-Nihayah and Its Notes<\/em> (2nd ed.). Qom: Islamic Publishing Foundation of the Society of Seminary Teachers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0639\u064a. (2017). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Amili, Zayn al-Din ibn Ali al-Juba\u2018i. (2017). <em>Al-Rawdah al-Bahiyyah fi Sharh al-Lum\u2018ah al-Dimashqiyyah<\/em>, corrected and annotated by Muhammad Kalantar. Beirut: Al-A\u2018lami Foundation for Publications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644. (1401\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u06371. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abd al-Rahim, Abd al-Jalil. (1401 AH). <em>The Language of the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/em> (1st ed.). Amman: Maktabat al-Risalah al-Hadithah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1984). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Diraz, Abdullah. (1984). <em>The Great News: New Reflections on the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/em>. Kuwait: Dar al-Qalam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1986). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u06372. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Farahidi, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad. (1986). <em>Al-Ayn<\/em>, edited by Mahdi al-Makhzumi and Ibrahim al-Samarra\u2019i (2nd ed.). Baghdad: Dar al-Shu\u2019un al-Thaqafiyyah al-Ammah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. (2009). <strong>\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/strong>. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fadl Hasan Abbas. (2009). <em>Mastering the Proof in the Sciences of the Qur\u2019an<\/em>. Amman: Dar al-Nafa\u2019is.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627. (1389\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Qummi, Abbas ibn Muhammad Rida. (1389 AH). <em>Safinat al-Bihar wa Madinat al-Hikam wa al-Athar<\/em>. Najaf: Al-Haydariyyah Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628. (2014). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya\u2018qub. (2014). <em>Al-Kafi<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Murtada.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631. (2007). <strong>\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. (2007). <em>Bihar al-Anwar: The Comprehensive Collection of the Reports of the Pure Imams<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Amirah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a. (1421\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Taqi. (1421 AH). <em>Mir\u2019at al-Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul<\/em>, corrected by Hashim Rasuli. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a. (1406\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0647<\/strong>. \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mudarrisi, Muhammad Taqi. (1406 AH). <em>Islamic Legislation: Its Methods and Objectives<\/em>. Tehran: Dar Muhibbi al-Husayn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a. (2000). <strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mudarrisi, Muhammad Taqi. (2000). <em>From the Guidance of the Qur\u2019an<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Qari\u2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646. (1414\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629<\/strong>. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mufid, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu\u2018man. (1414 AH). <em>Al-Muqni\u2018ah<\/em>. Qom: Islamic Publishing Foundation of the Society of Seminary Teachers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2008). <strong>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mishkini, Ali. (2008). <em>Jurisprudential Terminology<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Mahajjah al-Bayda\u2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627. (1423\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647<\/strong>. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Muzaffar, Muhammad Rida. (1423 AH). <em>Principles of Jurisprudence<\/em>. Qom: Islamic Publishing Foundation of the Society of Seminary Teachers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a. (2000). <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Milani, Ali al-Husayni. (2000). <em>Lectures on Beliefs<\/em>. Qom: Center for Islamic Truths.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a. (2004). <strong>\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Misbah Yazdi, Muhammad Taqi. (2004). <em>Questions and Answers<\/em>. Beirut: Dar al-Ta\u2018aruf for Publications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. (1988). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/strong>. \u0642\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Harun ibn Musa. (1988). <em>Polysemy and Parallel Expressions in the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/em>. Qom: Al-Sharif al-Radi Publications.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16976","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16976","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16976"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16976\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17124,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16976\/revisions\/17124"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}