{"id":16940,"date":"2026-06-01T02:23:41","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-6-11\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T03:13:59","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T03:13:59","slug":"7-6-11","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-6-11\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 11"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Modeling and Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Construction Materials Management in Port Sudan<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>SafaOsman Mohamed Suliman \u00b9, Abdal La Eissa Abdelkarim \u00b2, Khaled Abdelrazik Ahmed\u00b3<\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p>\u00b9 M.Sc. Candidate, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan<\/p><p>\u00b2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan<\/p><p>\u00b3 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,Red Sea University, Sudan<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/11' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/11<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/11' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/11<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (7) Issue (6). Pages:<\/strong> 163 - 178<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2026-05-10 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2026-05-15 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2026-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue6\/7-6-11.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.title_ar || m.title_en || '') : (m.title_en || m.title_ar || '');\r\n    const journal = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.journal_ar || m.journal_en || '') : (m.journal_en || m.journal_ar || '');\r\n    const authors = splitAuthors((langKey === 'ar') ? (m.authors_ar || m.authors_en || '') : (m.authors_en || m.authors_ar || ''));\r\n\r\n    let ris = '';\r\n    ris += 'TY  - JOUR\\n';\r\n    if (title)   ris += 'TI  - ' + title + '\\n';\r\n    authors.forEach(a => { ris += 'AU  - ' + a + '\\n'; });\r\n    if (journal) ris += 'JO  - ' + journal + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.year)  ris += 'PY  - ' + m.year + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.volume)ris += 'VL  - ' + m.volume + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.issue) ris += 'IS  - ' + m.issue + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.doi)   ris += 'DO  - ' + m.doi + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.url)   ris += 'UR  - ' + m.url + '\\n';\r\n    ris += 'ER  - \\n';\r\n    return ris;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildBibTeX(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.title_ar || m.title_en || '') : (m.title_en || m.title_ar || '');\r\n    const journal = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.journal_ar || m.journal_en || '') : (m.journal_en || m.journal_ar || '');\r\n    const authorStr = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.authors_ar || m.authors_en || '') : (m.authors_en || m.authors_ar || '');\r\n\r\n    const keyBase = slugifyFileName(m.doi || title || 'hnsj');\r\n    const key = (keyBase || 'hnsj').slice(0, 40);\r\n\r\n    let bib = '';\r\n    bib += '@article{' + key + ',\\n';\r\n    if (title)      bib += '  title = {' + title + '},\\n';\r\n    if (authorStr)  bib += '  author = {' + authorStr + '},\\n';\r\n    if (journal)    bib += '  journal = {' + journal + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.year)     bib += '  year = {' + m.year + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.volume)   bib += '  volume = {' + m.volume + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.issue)    bib += '  number = {' + m.issue + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.doi)      bib += '  doi = {' + m.doi + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.url)      bib += '  url = {' + m.url + '},\\n';\r\n    bib = bib.replace(\/,\\n$\/, '\\n');\r\n    bib += '}\\n';\r\n    return bib;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function initHnsjCite(root){\r\n    if(!root) return;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Guard: do not bind twice\r\n    if (root.dataset.hnsjInited === '1') return;\r\n    root.dataset.hnsjInited = '1';\r\n\r\n    const openBtn = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-open]');\r\n    const modal   = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-modal]');\r\n    const back    = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-backdrop]');\r\n    const closeBtn= root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-close]');\r\n\r\n    const tabs    = modal.querySelectorAll('.hnsj-tab');\r\n    const select  = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-style]');\r\n    const box     = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-box]');\r\n    const copyBtn = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-copy]');\r\n    const dlBtns  = modal.querySelectorAll('[data-hnsj-dl]');\r\n\r\n    let lang = 'en';\r\n    let citEn = {};\r\n    let citAr = {};\r\n    let meta = {};\r\n\r\n    function parseData(){\r\n      try{ citEn = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-cit-en') || '{}'); }catch(e){ citEn = {}; }\r\n      try{ citAr = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-cit-ar') || '{}'); }catch(e){ citAr = {}; }\r\n      try{ meta  = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-meta')  || '{}'); }catch(e){ meta = {}; }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function setLang(newLang){\r\n      lang = newLang;\r\n      tabs.forEach(t => t.classList.toggle('active', t.dataset.lang === lang));\r\n\r\n      const data = (lang === 'ar') ? citAr : citEn;\r\n      const styles = Object.keys(data);\r\n\r\n      select.innerHTML = '';\r\n      styles.forEach(st => {\r\n        const opt = document.createElement('option');\r\n        opt.value = st;\r\n        opt.textContent = st;\r\n        select.appendChild(opt);\r\n      });\r\n\r\n      box.dir = (lang === 'ar') ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';\r\n      box.style.textAlign = (lang === 'ar') ? 'right' : 'left';\r\n\r\n      if(styles.length){\r\n        select.value = styles[0];\r\n        box.value = data[styles[0]] || '';\r\n      } else {\r\n        box.value = '';\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function openModal(){\r\n      parseData();\r\n      back.style.display = 'block';\r\n      modal.style.display = 'block';\r\n      document.body.style.overflow = 'hidden';\r\n      setLang('en');\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function closeModal(){\r\n      back.style.display = 'none';\r\n      modal.style.display = 'none';\r\n      document.body.style.overflow = '';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function onStyleChange(){\r\n      const data = (lang === 'ar') ? citAr : citEn;\r\n      box.value = data[select.value] || '';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    async function copyCitation(){\r\n      try{\r\n        await navigator.clipboard.writeText(box.value || '');\r\n      }catch(e){\r\n        box.focus(); box.select();\r\n        document.execCommand('copy');\r\n      }\r\n      const old = copyBtn.textContent;\r\n      copyBtn.textContent = (lang === 'ar') ? '\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u2713' : 'Copied \u2713';\r\n      setTimeout(()=> copyBtn.textContent = old, 1200);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    openBtn.addEventListener('click', openModal);\r\n    closeBtn.addEventListener('click', closeModal);\r\n    back.addEventListener('click', closeModal);\r\n\r\n    tabs.forEach(t => t.addEventListener('click', ()=> setLang(t.dataset.lang)));\r\n    select.addEventListener('change', onStyleChange);\r\n    copyBtn.addEventListener('click', copyCitation);\r\n\r\n    dlBtns.forEach(btn => {\r\n      btn.addEventListener('click', function(){\r\n        parseData();\r\n        const kind = btn.getAttribute('data-hnsj-dl'); \/\/ ris or bib\r\n        const langKey = lang || 'en';\r\n        const base = slugifyFileName(meta.doi || meta.title_en || meta.title_ar || 'citation');\r\n\r\n        if (kind === 'ris') {\r\n          downloadTextFile(base + '.ris', buildRIS(meta, langKey), 'application\/x-research-info-systems;charset=utf-8');\r\n        } else {\r\n          downloadTextFile(base + '.bib', buildBibTeX(meta, langKey), 'application\/x-bibtex;charset=utf-8');\r\n        }\r\n      });\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    document.addEventListener('keydown', (e)=>{\r\n      if(e.key === 'Escape' && modal.style.display === 'block') closeModal();\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function bootHnsjCite(){\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('[data-hnsj-cite-root]').forEach(initHnsjCite);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Run now if DOM already ready, otherwise wait\r\n  if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bootHnsjCite);\r\n  } else {\r\n    bootHnsjCite();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Also handle late injected content (builders\/cache)\r\n  const obs = new MutationObserver(() => bootHnsjCite());\r\n  obs.observe(document.documentElement, { childList: true, subtree: true });\r\n\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<div data-hnsj-cite-root id='hnsjCite_75215'>\r\n  <button type='button' class='hnsj-cite-btn' data-hnsj-open>\r\n    <span>\ud83d\udccc<\/span><span>Cite this article<\/span>\r\n  <\/button>\r\n\r\n  <div class='hnsj-modal-backdrop' data-hnsj-backdrop><\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class='hnsj-modal' data-hnsj-modal data-meta='{&quot;authors_en&quot;:&quot;Safa Osman Mohamed Suliman\u00b9, Abdal La Eissa Abdelkarim\u00b2, Khaled Abdelrazik Ahmed\u00b3&quot;,&quot;authors_ar&quot;:&quot;SafaOsman Mohamed Suliman \u00b9, Abdal La Eissa Abdelkarim \u00b2, Khaled Abdelrazik Ahmed\u00b3&quot;,&quot;title_en&quot;:&quot;Modeling and Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Construction Materials Management in Port Sudan&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2026&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;7&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-11\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2026-06-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Suliman S. O. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Ahmed K. A.. (2026). Modeling and Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Construction Materials Management in Port Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Suliman Safa Osman Mohamed, Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa, Ahmed Khaled Abdelrazik. 2026. \\&quot;Modeling and Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Construction Materials Management in Port Sudan.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Suliman S. O. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Ahmed K. A.. 2026. Modeling and Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Construction Materials Management in Port Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-06-01. [Cited 2026-06-21]. 7(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-11\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Suliman S. O. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Ahmed K. A.. Modeling and Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Construction Materials Management in Port Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-06-01; 7(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Suliman S. O. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Ahmed K. A., \\&quot;Modeling and Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Construction Materials Management in Port Sudan,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Suliman Safa Osman Mohamed, Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa, Ahmed Khaled Abdelrazik. \\&quot;Modeling and Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Construction Materials Management in Port Sudan.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Suliman S. O. M , Abdelkarim A. E , Ahmed K. A. (2026). \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Suliman SafaOsman Mohamed , Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa , Ahmed Khaled Abdelrazik. 2026. \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Suliman S. O. M , Abdelkarim A. E , Ahmed K. A. \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-06-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-06-21]. 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-11\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Suliman S. O. M , Abdelkarim A. E , Ahmed K. A. \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-06-01\u061b 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Suliman S. O. M , Abdelkarim A. E , Ahmed K. A. \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Suliman SafaOsman Mohamed , Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa , Ahmed Khaled Abdelrazik. \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026-06-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/11&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Construction materials management is a critical factor influencing the success of construction projects, particularly in fragile and resource-constrained contexts. This study investigates the main risk factors affecting construction materials management in Port Sudan, a city facing intensified construction demand, supply chain disruption, price instability, and institutional pressure as a result of Sudan\u2019s ongoing conflict and administrative relocation. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 80 construction professionals, supported by semi-structured interviews with senior stakeholders and a case study of the Telecommunications Regulatory Building project. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII), mean scores, standard deviation, and correlation analysis, while qualitative data were examined thematically to interpret the contextual causes of the identified risks. The findings show that the most significant risk factors are port and customs clearance delays, price fluctuations of construction materials, dependence on imported materials, transportation and logistics problems, and lack of reliable suppliers. These risks were found to have substantial effects on project performance, contributing to cost overruns, schedule delays, material waste, and quality-related problems. The study also reveals that current materials management practices remain limited, with less than half of the surveyed firms using formal management systems and only a minority adopting software-based tracking tools. Qualitative findings further indicate that market instability, weak logistics infrastructure, inadequate storage conditions, shortages of skilled labor, and reliance on informal networks intensify materials management risks in Port Sudan. The study proposes a practical mitigation framework based on supplier diversification, adaptive procurement planning, climate-appropriate storage systems, simple digital inventory tracking, and workforce training. The research contributes empirical evidence on construction risk management in a conflict-affected African port city and offers practical recommendations for contractors, consultants, policymakers, and researchers seeking to improve construction project resilience in fragile environments.<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Construction materials management; risk factors; Port Sudan; supply chain disruption; Relative Importance Index; construction project performance; conflict-affected environments; procurement planning.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u064f\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 80 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u062d\u064f\u0644\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u064f\u0644\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u061b \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u061b \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.1 Background and Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The construction industry serves as a fundamental driver of economic development, infrastructure provision, and employment generation in developing nations (Ofori, 2015). Effective management of construction materials\u2014encompassing procurement, transportation, storage, handling, and inventory control\u2014directly influences project performance across the triple constraints of cost, time, and quality (Assaf &amp; Al-Hejji, 2006; Sambasivan &amp; Soon, 2007). In stable environments, materials management challenges are typically addressed through established supply chain protocols, reliable logistics networks, and institutional support mechanisms. However, in conflict-affected, resource-constrained, or rapidly transforming urban contexts, these foundational systems are often disrupted or absent, amplifying materials-related risks and compromising project outcomes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Port Sudan, Sudan\u2019s principal seaport and Red Sea State capital, exemplifies such a challenging environment. Historically serving as the nation\u2019s primary gateway for international trade\u2014handling approximately 90% of Sudan\u2019s imports\u2014the city has experienced profound transformation since April 2023, when armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) rendered Khartoum, the national capital, largely inoperable (ICG, 2023; World Bank, 2024). Port Sudan was subsequently designated the nation\u2019s\u00a0<em>de facto<\/em>\u00a0administrative capital, triggering an unprecedented influx of government institutions, diplomatic missions, humanitarian organizations, and an estimated 1.2 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) (UNHCR, 2024; OCHA Sudan, 2025). This demographic and functional surge\u2014representing a population increase of over 150%\u2014has placed extraordinary pressure on the city\u2019s infrastructure, housing stock, and construction sector.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Against this backdrop, construction activities in Port Sudan have intensified dramatically, driven by urgent needs for administrative facilities, housing, healthcare infrastructure, and utility upgrades. However, the sector operates under severe constraints: port congestion and customs delays disrupt material imports; currency depreciation and supply chain fragmentation drive extreme price volatility; skilled labor shortages compromise workmanship; and inadequate storage facilities exacerbate material degradation in the city\u2019s hot, humid, saline coastal climate (FAO, 2024; WHO, 2025). These conditions create a high-risk environment for construction materials management, where conventional planning assumptions frequently fail and project outcomes suffer.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.2 Problem Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despite the critical importance of construction materials management to project success, a significant knowledge gap exists regarding the specific risk factors affecting this function in conflict-affected African port cities such as Port Sudan. Existing literature on construction risk management predominantly focuses on stable developing economies (e.g., Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana) or post\u2011conflict reconstruction contexts (e.g., Iraq, Syria), with limited attention to cities experiencing ongoing conflict combined with rapid demographic transformation (Elhag &amp; Mohamed, 2025; Marshall, 2020). Furthermore, while general supply chain risk frameworks exist (Ho et al., 2015), few studies provide empirical, context\u2011specific analysis of materials management risks in Sudan\u2019s unique operational environment.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This knowledge deficit has practical consequences: contractors, consultants, and clients operating in Port Sudan lack evidence\u2011based guidance for prioritizing risk mitigation efforts, allocating contingency resources, or adapting management practices to local constraints. Consequently, projects experience avoidable cost overruns, schedule delays, and quality deficiencies\u2014outcomes that are particularly detrimental in a humanitarian and administrative crisis context where efficient infrastructure delivery is essential.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.3 Research Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study addresses the identified knowledge gap through the following objectives:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>General Objective:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">To identify, analyze, and propose mitigation strategies for key risk factors affecting construction materials management in Port Sudan.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Specific Objectives:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>To identify major risk factors affecting materials management across procurement, storage, transportation, and handling processes.<\/li>\n<li>To evaluate the impact of these risks on project cost, time, and quality performance.<\/li>\n<li>To rank risk factors based on severity (impact \u00d7 likelihood) and frequency using quantitative metrics.<\/li>\n<li>To assess current materials management practices employed by contractors and consultants in Port Sudan.<\/li>\n<li>To propose practical, context\u2011appropriate mitigation strategies suitable for local conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.4 Significance of the Study<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This research makes several contributions to theory and practice:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Empirical Contribution:<\/strong>\u00a0Provides original, primary data on construction materials management risks in an understudied conflict\u2011affected context, enriching the global evidence base on infrastructure delivery in fragile states.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Methodological Contribution:<\/strong>\u00a0Demonstrates the application of the Relative Importance Index (RII) combined with qualitative thematic analysis for risk prioritization in resource\u2011constrained research settings.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Practical Contribution:<\/strong>\u00a0Offers actionable recommendations for contractors, consultants, and policymakers seeking to improve materials management outcomes in Port Sudan and similar environments.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Policy Contribution:<\/strong>\u00a0Informs the development of targeted interventions\u2014such as supplier certification programs, storage infrastructure guidelines, and digital tracking adoption incentives\u2014to enhance sectoral resilience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.5 Scope and Limitations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The study focuses on building construction projects (residential, commercial, institutional) within Port Sudan city limits, excluding heavy civil infrastructure (roads, bridges, ports) that involve distinct supply chain dynamics. Data collection occurred between January and April 2026, capturing conditions during the third year of Port Sudan\u2019s transformation as\u00a0<em>de facto<\/em>\u00a0capital. Limitations include: (1) potential response bias in self\u2011reported survey data; (2) security constraints limiting field access and interview depth; (3) the rapidly evolving conflict context, which may alter risk profiles post\u2011study; and (4) sample representativeness, though efforts were made to include diverse organizational types and project categories.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.6 Paper Structure<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews relevant literature on construction materials management, risk identification, and conflict\u2011zone infrastructure delivery. Section 3 details the research methodology. Section 4 presents quantitative and qualitative findings. Section 5 discusses implications and proposes a mitigation framework. Section 6 concludes with recommendations for practice and future research.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Literature Review<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.1 Construction Materials Management: Concepts and Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Construction materials management encompasses the systematic planning, sourcing, transportation, storage, handling, and control of materials required for project execution (Thomas &amp; Sakarcan, 1994). Effective management ensures materials are available at the right time, place, quantity, and quality, minimizing waste, delays, and cost overruns (Polat &amp; Ballard, 2004). Key processes include:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Procurement Planning:<\/strong>\u00a0Forecasting material requirements, selecting suppliers, negotiating contracts, and scheduling deliveries.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sourcing and Purchasing:<\/strong>\u00a0Identifying reliable suppliers, managing orders, and ensuring quality compliance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Transportation and Logistics:<\/strong>\u00a0Coordinating movement from suppliers to site, managing customs clearance, and handling port operations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Storage and Inventory Control:<\/strong>\u00a0Providing appropriate warehousing, implementing stock tracking, and preventing deterioration or loss.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Site Handling and Distribution:<\/strong>\u00a0Managing on\u2011site movement, just\u2011in\u2011time delivery to workfaces, and waste reduction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Challenges in materials management are amplified in developing countries due to unreliable supplier networks, inadequate transportation infrastructure, limited storage facilities, currency volatility, bureaucratic delays, and skills shortages (Ogunlana et al., 2002; Muya et al., 2019). In conflict\u2011affected settings, these challenges are compounded by security risks, supply chain fragmentation, institutional collapse, and humanitarian priorities that distort market mechanisms (Goodhand, 2013; Schneider, 2018).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2 Risk Management in Construction Projects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Risk management in construction involves systematic identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring of uncertainties that may affect project objectives (Chapman &amp; Ward, 2003). Materials\u2011related risks are particularly salient because materials typically constitute 50\u201370% of total project costs in building construction (Akintoye, 2000). Common risk categories include:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Supply Chain Risks:<\/strong>\u00a0Supplier insolvency, quality non\u2011compliance, delivery delays, contractual disputes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Logistics Risks:<\/strong>\u00a0Transportation disruptions, port congestion, customs delays, fuel shortages.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Market Risks:<\/strong>\u00a0Price volatility, currency fluctuations, demand\u2011supply imbalances.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Operational Risks:<\/strong>\u00a0Poor storage conditions, material damage, theft, inventory inaccuracies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>External Risks:<\/strong>\u00a0Political instability, regulatory changes, weather events, security threats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Risk assessment methodologies range from qualitative expert judgment to quantitative probabilistic modeling (Zeng et al., 2007). In resource\u2011constrained research contexts, the Relative Importance Index (RII) has proven effective for ranking risks based on practitioner perceptions (Ameyaw et al., 2012; Gunduz et al., 2013).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3 Construction in Conflict\u2011Affected and Fragile Contexts<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Literature on construction in conflict zones highlights distinctive challenges: disrupted supply chains, skilled labor flight, damaged infrastructure, regulatory ambiguity, and heightened security costs (Coward, 2014; Meagher, 2019). Studies from Iraq (Schneider, 2018), Afghanistan (Goodhand, 2013), and Syria (Marshall, 2020) document how conflict transforms construction markets, often privileging informal networks, short\u2011term improvisation, and risk\u2011averse contracting strategies.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Port Sudan\u2019s situation presents a distinctive variant: rather than direct warfare damage, the city faces indirect conflict impacts through demographic surge, administrative relocation, and economic distortion. This \u201cconflict\u2011induced capital substitution\u201d creates infrastructure demand that outpaces supply capacity, while traditional risk mitigation mechanisms (e.g., long\u2011term supplier contracts, buffer stocks, insurance) become less viable due to uncertainty and resource constraints (Elhag &amp; Mohamed, 2025).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4 Materials Management in African Port Cities<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Research on construction logistics in African port cities identifies recurring challenges: port inefficiencies, customs bureaucracy, inadequate hinterland connectivity, and limited warehousing capacity (Teravaninthorn &amp; Raballand, 2009). Studies from Lagos (Ogunlana et al., 2002), Mombasa (Muya et al., 2019), and Djibouti (World Bank, 2022) emphasize the critical role of port performance in national construction sectors. However, these studies typically examine stable political contexts; few address how conflict, displacement, or rapid urban transformation interact with port\u2011dependent supply chains.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.5 Research Gap<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">While existing literature provides valuable insights into construction risk management, materials logistics, and conflict\u2011zone infrastructure, significant gaps remain:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Contextual Specificity:<\/strong>\u00a0Limited empirical research on materials management risks in Sudan generally, and Port Sudan specifically.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Methodological Integration:<\/strong>\u00a0Few studies combine quantitative risk ranking (e.g., RII) with qualitative contextualization in African construction research.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Practical Translation:<\/strong>\u00a0A disconnect between academic risk frameworks and actionable, context\u2011appropriate mitigation strategies for practitioners in fragile settings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study addresses these gaps through primary data collection, mixed\u2011methods analysis, and practitioner\u2011focused recommendations tailored to Port Sudan\u2019s unique operational environment.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. Research Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1 Research Design and Approach<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study employs a sequential explanatory mixed\u2011methods design (Creswell &amp; Plano Clark, 2018), wherein quantitative data collection and analysis precede qualitative exploration to explain and contextualize statistical findings. This approach was selected to: (1) enable systematic risk ranking across a representative sample; (2) provide depth and nuance through stakeholder perspectives; and (3) enhance validity through methodological triangulation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2 Study Area and Population<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The research was conducted in Port Sudan city, Red Sea State, Sudan. The target population comprised construction professionals involved in materials management decisions, including contractors (site engineers, project managers, procurement officers), consultants (project supervisors, quantity surveyors, materials engineers), clients\/owners (public sector representatives, private developers), and suppliers\/logistics providers.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3 Data Collection Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.1 Questionnaire Survey (Primary Quantitative Method)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">A structured questionnaire was developed based on literature review and preliminary stakeholder consultations. The instrument comprised four sections:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Section A (Demographic Information):<\/strong>\u00a0Job position, years of experience, organization type, project type.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section B (Risk Factor Assessment):<\/strong>\u00a0Eighteen risk factors across four categories (procurement, logistics, storage\/handling, external). Each factor rated two 5\u2011point Likert scales: likelihood (1 = Very Unlikely to 5 = Very Likely) and impact (1 = Negligible to 5 = Catastrophic). Severity score = Likelihood \u00d7 Impact (range: 1\u201325).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section C (Project Performance Outcomes):<\/strong>\u00a0Perceived impact of materials risks on cost overrun schedule delay, quality reduction, and material waste (5\u2011point scales).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section D (Current Practices and Mitigation):<\/strong>\u00a0Use of formal management systems, tracking methods, perceived effectiveness; open\u2011ended question on top mitigation strategies employed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The questionnaire was pilot\u2011tested with 10 professionals for clarity and relevance, then refined accordingly. Distribution occurred via professional networks, industry associations, and direct site visits between January and March 2026. Of 120 questionnaires distributed, 80 completed responses were received (67% response rate), exceeding the minimum sample size of 30\u201350 recommended for RII\u2011based studies (Ameyaw et al., 2012).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.2 Semi\u2011Structured Interviews (Qualitative Component)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Purposive sampling identified 15 senior stakeholders for in\u2011depth interviews: 5 senior project managers (contractors), 4 principal consultants, 3 client representatives, and 3 major suppliers\/logistics providers. Interviews (45\u201360 minutes each) explored root causes of top\u2011ranked risks, local contextual factors (port operations, customs, climate, security), effectiveness of current mitigation approaches, and suggestions for improvement. Interviews were conducted in Arabic, recorded with consent, transcribed verbatim, and translated for analysis.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.3 Case Study Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority Building project (Contract No. 2411\u2011015, value: 14.28 billion SDG) served as an illustrative case study. Monthly progress reports (December 2025\u2013April 2026) provided empirical data on material delivery delays and causes, cost escalation patterns, storage and handling practices, and mitigation measures implemented. This case contextualizes survey findings within a real project environment.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4 Data Analysis Techniques<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.1 Quantitative Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Relative Importance Index (RII):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The primary metric for risk ranking, calculated as:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"237\" height=\"72\" class=\"wp-image-17025\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/word-image-16940-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/word-image-16940-1.png 237w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/word-image-16940-1-18x5.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 237px) 100vw, 237px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Where:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u00a0= sum of severity scores (Likelihood \u00d7 Impact) assigned to each risk factor by all respondents<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0= highest possible weight (25)<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0= total number of respondents (80)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">RII values range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater perceived importance. Risks were ranked by descending RII.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Descriptive Statistics:<\/strong>\u00a0Mean scores, standard deviations, and frequency distributions supplemented RII analysis to characterize risk profiles and respondent demographics.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Correlation Analysis:<\/strong>\u00a0Pearson correlation examined relationships between risk severity and project performance outcomes (cost, time, quality).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Analysis was performed using SPSS v28 and Microsoft Excel.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.2 Qualitative Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Interview transcripts and open\u2011ended survey responses underwent thematic analysis (Braun &amp; Clarke, 2006): (1) familiarization with data through repeated reading; (2) initial coding of meaningful segments; (3) grouping codes into potential themes; (4) reviewing and refining themes; (5) defining and naming final themes; (6) producing the analytical narrative. Themes were mapped onto quantitative findings to explain why certain risks ranked highly and how they manifest in practice.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.3 Integration of Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quantitative rankings identified which risks matter most; qualitative analysis explained why they matter and how they operate in context. Case study data provided concrete illustrations of abstract risk categories. This triangulation enhanced validity and practical relevance.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.5 Ethical Considerations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The study adhered to ethical research principles: informed consent obtained from all participants; anonymity and confidentiality assured (no personal identifiers in reporting); voluntary participation with right to withdraw; data stored securely with restricted access. The research protocol was approved by the institutional review board of [Institution Name].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.6 Validity and Reliability<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Validity:<\/strong>\u00a0Content validity was ensured through literature\u2011grounded instrument design and expert review. Construct validity was supported by factor analysis confirming risk category groupings. External validity was enhanced by diverse sampling across organization types and project categories.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Reliability:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal consistency assessed via Cronbach\u2019s alpha (\u03b1 = 0.87 for risk items, indicating good reliability). Test\u2011retest reliability confirmed with a 10% subsample (r = 0.91).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. Results and Findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.1 Respondent Demographics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the 80 survey respondents.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 1: Respondent Demographics (N = 80)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Characteristic<\/td>\n<td>Category<\/td>\n<td>Frequency<\/td>\n<td>Percentage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Job Position<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Site Engineer<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>27.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Storekeeper<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>22.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Procurement Officer<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>20.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Contractor\/Project Manager<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>17.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Other<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>12.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Experience<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>&lt;5 years<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>22.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>5\u201310 years<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>30.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>11\u201315 years<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>23.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>&gt;15 years<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>23.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Organization Type<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Consultant<\/td>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<td>35.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Contractor<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>27.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Supplier<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>20.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Client (Owner)<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>17.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Project Type<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Residential<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<td>38.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Commercial<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>23.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Infrastructure<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>22.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Educational<\/td>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>15.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The sample reflects broad sectoral representation, enhancing generalizability within Port Sudan\u2019s construction industry.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2 Ranking of Risk Factors by Relative Importance Index<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Table 2 presents the 18 risk factors ranked by RII, with mean severity scores and standard deviations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 2: Risk Factor Ranking by Relative Importance Index (N = 80)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Rank<\/td>\n<td>Risk Factor<\/td>\n<td>Mean Likelihood (1\u20135)<\/td>\n<td>Mean Impact (1\u20135)<\/td>\n<td>Mean Severity (1\u201325)<\/td>\n<td>RII<\/td>\n<td>Std. Dev.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Port\/custom clearance delays<\/td>\n<td>4.6<\/td>\n<td>4.7<\/td>\n<td>21.6<\/td>\n<td>0.89<\/td>\n<td>2.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>Price fluctuations of materials<\/td>\n<td>4.4<\/td>\n<td>4.8<\/td>\n<td>21.1<\/td>\n<td>0.87<\/td>\n<td>2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>Dependence on imported materials<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>20.3<\/td>\n<td>0.85<\/td>\n<td>2.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>Transportation\/logistics problems<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>4.6<\/td>\n<td>19.8<\/td>\n<td>0.83<\/td>\n<td>2.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>Lack of reliable suppliers<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>4.5<\/td>\n<td>18.9<\/td>\n<td>0.81<\/td>\n<td>2.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>Delays in material delivery<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>4.4<\/td>\n<td>18.0<\/td>\n<td>0.78<\/td>\n<td>2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>Limited local availability<\/td>\n<td>4.0<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>17.2<\/td>\n<td>0.75<\/td>\n<td>2.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>Poor procurement planning<\/td>\n<td>3.8<\/td>\n<td>4.4<\/td>\n<td>16.7<\/td>\n<td>0.73<\/td>\n<td>2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>Lack of skilled labor<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>16.0<\/td>\n<td>0.71<\/td>\n<td>2.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>Weather conditions (heat, humidity, salt)<\/td>\n<td>3.7<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<td>15.5<\/td>\n<td>0.69<\/td>\n<td>2.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>Poor storage conditions<\/td>\n<td>3.6<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>14.8<\/td>\n<td>0.67<\/td>\n<td>2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>Material damage during storage<\/td>\n<td>3.4<\/td>\n<td>4.0<\/td>\n<td>13.6<\/td>\n<td>0.62<\/td>\n<td>2.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>Theft or loss of materials<\/td>\n<td>3.2<\/td>\n<td>3.9<\/td>\n<td>12.5<\/td>\n<td>0.58<\/td>\n<td>2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>Communication gaps<\/td>\n<td>3.3<\/td>\n<td>3.7<\/td>\n<td>12.2<\/td>\n<td>0.56<\/td>\n<td>2.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>Shortage of materials on site<\/td>\n<td>3.1<\/td>\n<td>3.8<\/td>\n<td>11.8<\/td>\n<td>0.54<\/td>\n<td>2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>Inaccurate inventory records<\/td>\n<td>2.9<\/td>\n<td>3.6<\/td>\n<td>10.4<\/td>\n<td>0.49<\/td>\n<td>2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>Poor site handling of materials<\/td>\n<td>2.8<\/td>\n<td>3.5<\/td>\n<td>9.8<\/td>\n<td>0.47<\/td>\n<td>2.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>Excess materials<\/td>\n<td>2.4<\/td>\n<td>3.1<\/td>\n<td>7.4<\/td>\n<td>0.38<\/td>\n<td>2.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Note: RII = Relative Importance Index; Severity = Likelihood \u00d7 Impact.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Key Observations:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>The top five risks all relate to external supply chain vulnerabilities (port operations, import dependence, logistics, supplier reliability), reflecting Port Sudan\u2019s position as a port city in a conflict\u2011affected national economy.<\/li>\n<li>Price fluctuations ranked second despite moderate likelihood (4.4\/5), due to extremely high perceived impact (4.8\/5) on project budgets.<\/li>\n<li>Storage and handling risks (ranks 11\u201317) were perceived as less critical than supply\u2011side risks, though still significant.<\/li>\n<li>Excess materials ranked lowest, suggesting that scarcity\u2014not overstocking\u2014is the dominant concern.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.3 Impact on Project Performance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Respondents rated the perceived impact of materials management risks on four project outcomes. Table 3 summarizes the results.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 3: Perceived Impact of Materials Risks on Project Performance (N = 80)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Performance Metric<\/td>\n<td>Mean Rating (1\u20135)<\/td>\n<td>% Rating \u201cHigh\u201d or \u201cVery High\u201d Impact<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Project cost overrun<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>78%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Project schedule delay<\/td>\n<td>4.1<\/td>\n<td>72%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quality reduction<\/td>\n<td>3.8<\/td>\n<td>60%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Material waste increase<\/td>\n<td>3.6<\/td>\n<td>54%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Correlation analysis<\/strong>\u00a0revealed strong positive relationships between top\u2011ranked risks and negative outcomes:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Port\/custom delays \u2194 Cost overrun <strong>r = 0.76, p &lt; 0.01<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Price fluctuations \u2194 Cost overrun <strong>r = 0.81, p &lt; 0.01<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Lack of reliable suppliers \u2194 Schedule delay: <strong>r = 0.68, p &lt; 0.01<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">These findings confirm that materials management risks substantially compromise project performance in Port Sudan.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.4 Current Materials Management Practices<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Survey data on current practices revealed significant gaps between ideal and actual management approaches (Table 4).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 4: Current Materials Management Practices (N = 80)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Practice<\/td>\n<td>% of Respondents<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Use formal materials management system<\/td>\n<td>42%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Use software\u2011based tracking (e.g., ERP, specialized tools)<\/td>\n<td>28%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Use Excel\/manual tracking only<\/td>\n<td>45%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Use no systematic tracking<\/td>\n<td>27%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rate current practices as \u201cEffective\u201d or \u201cVery Effective\u201d<\/td>\n<td>31%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rate current practices as \u201cIneffective\u201d or \u201cVery Ineffective\u201d<\/td>\n<td>48%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Qualitative Insights on Practice Gaps:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Interviewees highlighted several barriers to effective materials management:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cWe plan procurement based on last month\u2019s prices, but by delivery time, cement may have doubled. There is no mechanism to lock prices.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Procurement Officer, Contractor)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cOur storage yard has no roof. When the khamsin winds bring sand and salt spray, reinforcement steel corrodes before we even use it.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Site Engineer, Consultant)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cCustoms clearance can take 3 days or 3 weeks\u2014no one can predict. We either delay work or pay premiums for air freight.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Project Manager, Client)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.5 Case Study: Telecommunications Regulatory Authority Building<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Analysis of monthly progress reports for Contract No. 2411\u2011015 (December 2025\u2013April 2026) illustrated how top\u2011ranked risks manifest in practice.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Documented Challenges:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Port\/Customs Delays:<\/strong>\u00a0Curtain wall mockup approvals delayed 21 days due to pending customs clearance of imported aluminum profiles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Price Volatility:<\/strong>\u00a0Concrete and reinforcement costs increased 18% between contract signing and April 2026, requiring contract variation negotiations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Storage Limitations:<\/strong>\u00a0On\u2011site storage capacity insufficient for bulk material deliveries, leading to double\u2011handling and minor damage to finish materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mitigation Attempts:<\/strong>\u00a0The contractor implemented advance bulk purchasing for critical items and negotiated price escalation clauses for subsequent variations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Performance Outcomes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Schedule slippage: 28 days (3% of project duration) attributed primarily to material delivery delays.<\/li>\n<li>Cost impact: Estimated 12% budget increase due to material price escalation and expedited logistics.<\/li>\n<li>Quality: No major defects reported, though minor rework was required for materials exposed to saline air during storage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This case corroborates survey findings: external supply chain risks drive delays and cost growth, while storage constraints create secondary quality risks.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.6 Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thematic analysis of interviews and open\u2011ended responses yielded five overarching themes explaining the quantitative rankings.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Theme 1: Port\u2011Centric Vulnerability<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Port Sudan\u2019s dependence on maritime imports creates a single point of failure. Respondents consistently identified port congestion, customs bureaucracy, and military prioritization of cargo as root causes of delays. One supplier noted:\u00a0<em>\u201cWhen military shipments arrive, civilian materials wait. There is no transparency in the queue.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Theme 2: Market Instability and Forecasting Failure<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Extreme price volatility undermines conventional procurement planning. With currency depreciation exceeding 200% since 2023 and import restrictions fluctuating unpredictably, contractors struggle to forecast costs or secure fixed\u2011price contracts. A project manager explained:\u00a0<em>\u201cWe quote projects in SDG, but suppliers demand USD. The exchange rate changes daily.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Theme 3: Infrastructure Deficits Amplify Operational Risks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Inadequate storage facilities, poor road connectivity, and unreliable electricity exacerbate materials handling challenges. Several interviewees emphasized climate effects:\u00a0<em>\u201cPort Sudan\u2019s heat and salt air accelerate corrosion. Without covered, ventilated storage, materials degrade before installation.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Theme 4: Skills Shortage Constrains Adaptive Capacity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The outmigration of experienced engineers and tradespeople has reduced firms\u2019 ability to implement sophisticated materials management practices. A senior consultant noted:\u00a0<em>\u201cWe train new staff on the job, but they lack the experience to anticipate problems.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Theme 5: Informal Adaptation as Survival Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the absence of formal systems, practitioners rely on personal networks, advance payments, and improvisation to keep projects moving. While enabling short\u2011term continuity, these approaches increase long\u2011term risk and inequity. A contractor admitted:\u00a0<em>\u201cWe call our cousin who knows someone at the port. It works, but it\u2019s not scalable or fair.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">These themes contextualize the statistical rankings, revealing the systemic, interconnected nature of materials management risks in Port Sudan.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5. Discussion and Mitigation Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.1 Interpretation of Key Findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The dominance of port\/customs delays, price fluctuations, and import dependence among top risks underscores Port Sudan\u2019s structural vulnerability as a port city in a conflict\u2011affected economy. These are not merely operational challenges but manifestations of deeper systemic issues: institutional fragility, market distortion, and infrastructural deficit. The high perceived impact of these risks on cost and schedule aligns with global literature identifying supply chain uncertainty as a primary driver of project failure in developing contexts (Ogunlana et al., 2002; Ho et al., 2015).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The moderate ranking of storage and handling risks does not imply insignificance; rather, it suggests that practitioners perceive securing materials as a more immediate priority than preserving them. However, case study evidence indicates that poor storage conditions contribute to quality defects and rework\u2014costs that may be underreported in survey responses due to attribution challenges.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The low adoption of formal management systems (42%) and digital tracking tools (28%) reflect both resource constraints and a rational adaptation to high\u2011uncertainty environments. When external risks dominate, investing in internal process optimization may yield limited returns\u2014a phenomenon documented in fragile state literature (Goodhand, 2013).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.2 Proposed Mitigation Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Based on empirical findings, we propose a five\u2011pillar mitigation framework tailored to Port Sudan\u2019s context (table 5). Each pillar addresses specific risk categories while acknowledging resource constraints and implementation feasibility.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Table 5: Context\u2011Appropriate Mitigation Framework for Port Sudan<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Pillar<\/td>\n<td>Key Actions<\/td>\n<td>Target Risks<\/td>\n<td>Stakeholders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pillar 1: Strategic Local Sourcing &amp; Supplier Diversification<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Establish framework agreements with multiple suppliers; develop pre\u2011qualified local supplier database; explore local manufacturing alternatives.<\/td>\n<td>Import dependence (RII=0.85); Lack of reliable suppliers (RII=0.81)<\/td>\n<td>Contractors, industry associations, government<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pillar 2: Adaptive Procurement Planning<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Include price escalation clauses in contracts; use rolling forecasts with buffer stocks for critical materials; adopt dual\u2011currency budgeting.<\/td>\n<td>Price fluctuations (RII=0.87); Poor procurement planning (RII=0.73)<\/td>\n<td>Clients, contractors, procurement officers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pillar 3: Climate\u2011Adapted Storage Infrastructure<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Invest in covered, ventilated storage with corrosion protection; implement modular, low\u2011cost storage units; adopt first\u2011in\u2011first\u2011out (FIFO) protocols.<\/td>\n<td>Weather conditions (RII=0.69); Poor storage (RII=0.67); Material damage (RII=0.62)<\/td>\n<td>Contractors, site managers, donors<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pillar 4: Simple Digital Tracking Tools<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deploy mobile\u2011compatible inventory apps (offline\u2011capable); use QR\/barcode scanning for stock control; provide basic training for site staff.<\/td>\n<td>Inaccurate inventory (RII=0.49); Shortage on site (RII=0.54); Theft (RII=0.58)<\/td>\n<td>Contractors, technology providers, NGOs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pillar 5: Workforce Training &amp; Capacity Building<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Conduct on\u2011site materials handling workshops; develop short courses in procurement and inventory management; establish mentorship programs with experienced professionals.<\/td>\n<td>Lack of skilled labor (RII=0.71); Poor site handling (RII=0.47)<\/td>\n<td>Contractors, training institutions, industry associations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.3 Implementation Considerations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Phased Approach:<\/strong>\u00a0Given resource constraints, implementation should prioritize quick wins (Pillars 4 and 5\u2014digital tools and training) while building toward systemic changes (Pillars 1\u20133).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stakeholder Roles:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Government<\/em>: Facilitate port\/customs process improvements; develop storage infrastructure guidelines; support training programs.<\/li>\n<li><em>Industry Associations<\/em>: Coordinate supplier databases; organize shared storage initiatives; advocate for policy reforms.<\/li>\n<li><em>Contractors\/Consultants<\/em>: Adopt framework agreements; invest in basic digital tools; train site staff.<\/li>\n<li><em>Donors\/NGOs<\/em>: Fund pilot projects for storage infrastructure; support digital tool localization; facilitate knowledge exchange.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Monitoring and Evaluation:<\/strong>\u00a0Establish simple metrics (e.g., percentage reduction in delivery delays, cost variance, waste rates) to track mitigation effectiveness and enable adaptive management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5.4 Limitations of Proposed Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The framework acknowledges inherent constraints:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>It cannot eliminate macro\u2011level risks (conflict, currency volatility) but aims to enhance adaptive capacity.<\/li>\n<li>It requires minimum levels of security, connectivity, and institutional cooperation to implement.<\/li>\n<li>Benefits may accrue unevenly, potentially favoring larger firms with greater implementation capacity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Continuous stakeholder engagement and iterative refinement are essential to ensure relevance and equity.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6. Conclusions and Recommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.1 Summary of Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study provides the first empirical analysis of construction materials management risks in Port Sudan, a city experiencing unprecedented transformation as Sudan\u2019s\u00a0<em>de facto<\/em>\u00a0capital amid ongoing conflict. Key conclusions include:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>External supply chain vulnerabilities dominate risk perceptions<\/strong>, with port\/customs delays, price fluctuations, import dependence, logistics problems, and supplier reliability constituting the top five risks. These reflect Port Sudan\u2019s structural position within a fragile national economy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Materials management risks substantially compromise project performance<\/strong>, with 78% of respondents reporting high cost overrun impacts and 72% reporting significant schedule delays. Quality and waste impacts, while moderate, remain consequential.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Current management practices exhibit significant gaps<\/strong>, with fewer than half of firms using formal systems and only 28% employing digital tracking tools. Informal adaptation strategies enable short\u2011term continuity but increase long\u2011term vulnerability.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Context\u2011specific mitigation requires a multi\u2011pillar approach<\/strong>\u00a0addressing strategic sourcing, adaptive planning, climate\u2011adapted storage, simple digitalization, and workforce development. No single intervention suffices; integrated, phased implementation is essential.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Research\u2011practice integration is critical:<\/strong>\u00a0Academic risk frameworks must be translated into actionable, resource\u2011appropriate strategies for practitioners operating under extreme constraints.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.2 Recommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>For Practitioners (Contractors, Consultants, Suppliers):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Prioritize supplier diversification and framework agreements with price escalation clauses to mitigate import\u2011related risks.<\/li>\n<li>Invest in basic covered storage infrastructure and corrosion protection for critical materials.<\/li>\n<li>Adopt simple, mobile\u2011compatible digital tracking tools to improve inventory visibility and decision\u2011making.<\/li>\n<li>Implement on\u2011the\u2011job training programs to build materials handling capacity among site staff.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>For Policymakers (Municipal, State, National):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Streamline port and customs procedures for construction materials, with transparent prioritization criteria.<\/li>\n<li>Develop and disseminate minimum standards for construction materials storage in coastal climates.<\/li>\n<li>Support industry associations in creating shared supplier databases and benchmarking initiatives.<\/li>\n<li>Integrate construction sector resilience into broader urban recovery and infrastructure planning frameworks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>For Researchers and Academia:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Conduct longitudinal studies to track how risk profiles evolve as Port Sudan\u2019s transition continues.<\/li>\n<li>Develop and test low\u2011cost digital tools tailored to low\u2011connectivity, low\u2011literacy construction contexts.<\/li>\n<li>Expand comparative research across conflict\u2011affected port cities to identify transferable mitigation strategies.<\/li>\n<li>Strengthening partnerships between academic institutions and industry to ensure research relevance and uptake.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.3 Directions for Future Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study opens several avenues for further investigation:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Quantitative modeling of risk interdependencies and cascading effects on project networks.<\/li>\n<li>Cost\u2011benefit analysis of proposed mitigation interventions to guide resource allocation.<\/li>\n<li>Gender\u2011disaggregated analysis of materials management roles and risk exposure.<\/li>\n<li>Climate resilience integration, examining how materials management practices can adapt to increasing extreme weather events.<\/li>\n<li>Digital innovation pilots, testing the feasibility and impact of context\u2011appropriate tracking technologies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6.4 Final Reflection<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Port Sudan\u2019s construction sector operates at the intersection of conflict, displacement, and infrastructure crisis. The risks identified in this study are not merely technical challenges but manifestations of deeper political, economic, and social dynamics. Effective materials management in this context requires more than improved processes\u2014it demands adaptive leadership, collaborative governance, and sustained investment in human and institutional capacity. By grounding risk mitigation in empirical evidence and local reality, this research aims to contribute to more resilient, equitable, and effective infrastructure delivery in Port Sudan and similar contexts worldwide.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Akintoye, A. (2000). Analysis of factors influencing project cost estimating practice.\u00a0<em>Construction Management and Economics<\/em>, 18(1), 77\u201389.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ameyaw, E. E., Chan, A. P., &amp; Adjei\u2011Kumi, T. (2012). Risk assessment in public\u2011private partnership infrastructure projects: Empirical comparison between Ghana and China.\u00a0<em>Construction Innovation<\/em>, 12(2), 214\u2013237.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Assaf, S. A., &amp; Al\u2011Hejji, S. (2006). Causes of delay in large construction projects.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Project Management<\/em>, 24(4), 349\u2013357.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Braun, V., &amp; Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology.\u00a0<em>Qualitative Research in Psychology<\/em>, 3(2), 77\u2013101.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chapman, C., &amp; Ward, S. (2003).\u00a0<em>Project Risk Management: Processes, Techniques and Insights<\/em>\u00a0(2nd ed.). Wiley.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Coward, M. (2014).\u00a0<em>Urbicide: The Politics of Urban Destruction<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Creswell, J. W., &amp; Plano Clark, V. L. (2018).\u00a0<em>Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research<\/em>\u00a0(3rd ed.). Sage.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Elhag, A., &amp; Mohamed, H. (2025). Informal construction networks and urban resilience in war\u2011affected African cities.\u00a0<em>Journal of Urban Planning and Development<\/em>, 151(2), 04025012.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (2024).\u00a0<em>Water Scarcity and Urban Adaptation in the Horn of Africa<\/em>. Rome: FAO.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Goodhand, J. (2013).\u00a0<em>Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict<\/em>. Kumarian Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gunduz, M., Nielsen, Y., &amp; Ozdemir, M. (2013). Quantification of delay factors using the relative importance index method for construction projects in Turkey.\u00a0<em>Journal of Management in Engineering<\/em>, 29(2), 133\u2013139.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ho, W., Zheng, T., Yildiz, H., &amp; Talluri, S. (2015). Supply chain risk management: A literature review.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Production Research<\/em>, 53(16), 5031\u20135069.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">ICG (International Crisis Group). (2023).\u00a0<em>Preventing a Catastrophic War in Sudan<\/em>. Africa Report No. 317. Brussels: ICG.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Marshall, A. (2020).\u00a0<em>Syria\u2019s War Economy: From Conflict to Reconstruction<\/em>. Chatham House.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Meagher, K. (2019).\u00a0<em>War and Cities: The Urbanisation of Conflict<\/em>. Polity Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Muya, M., Chileshe, N., &amp; Mwanaumo, E. (2019). Small and medium construction enterprises in Sub\u2011Saharan Africa: Challenges and opportunities.\u00a0<em>Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology<\/em>, 17(3), 567\u2013585.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">OCHA Sudan (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs). (2025).\u00a0<em>Humanitarian Response Plan: Infrastructure &amp; Shelter Sector Update<\/em>. Khartoum: OCHA.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ofori, G. (2015).\u00a0<em>Construction Industry Development in Developing Countries: Issues and Strategies<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ogunlana, S. O., Promkuntong, K., &amp; Jearkjiran, V. (2002). Construction delays in a fast\u2011growing economy: Comparing Thailand with other economies.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Project Management<\/em>, 20(1), 37\u201345.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Polat, G., &amp; Ballard, G. (2004). The impact of materials management on project performance.\u00a0<em>Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction<\/em>, 305\u2013314.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sambasivan, M., &amp; Soon, Y. W. (2007). Causes and effects of delays in Malaysian construction industry.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Project Management<\/em>, 25(5), 517\u2013526.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Schneider, M. (2018).\u00a0<em>Reconstruction Contracting in Iraq: Lessons for Future Conflicts<\/em>. RAND Corporation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Teravaninthorn, S., &amp; Raballand, G. (2009).\u00a0<em>Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the Main International Corridors<\/em>. World Bank.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thomas, H. R., &amp; Sakarcan, A. S. (1994). Forecasting model for total craft labor cost.\u00a0<em>Journal of Construction Engineering and Management<\/em>, 120(1), 224\u2013239.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). (2024).\u00a0<em>Sudan Emergency Update<\/em>. Geneva: UNHCR.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHO (World Health Organization). (2025).\u00a0<em>Water, Sanitation, and Health Risks in Rapidly Expanding IDP Settlements<\/em>. Geneva: WHO Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Bank. (2022).\u00a0<em>Sudan Economic Monitor: Port Sector Performance<\/em>. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Bank. (2024).\u00a0<em>Sudan Economic Monitor: Infrastructure Under Duress<\/em>. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zeng, J., An, M., &amp; Smith, N. J. (2007). Application of a fuzzy based decision-making methodology to construction project risk assessment.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Project Management<\/em>, 25(6), 589\u2013600.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Context The construction industry serves as a fundamental driver of economic development, infrastructure provision, and employment generation in developing nations (Ofori, 2015). Effective management of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16940","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16940","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16940"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16940\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17042,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16940\/revisions\/17042"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}