{"id":16939,"date":"2026-06-01T02:23:40","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-6-10\/"},"modified":"2026-06-01T02:23:40","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:23:40","slug":"7-6-10","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-6-10\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 10"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Fire-Induced Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures During the Khartoum Conflict: A Forensic Field Assessment and Post-War Rehabilitation Framework<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Hayfa Hassan Dreir\u00b9, Abdal La Eissa Abdelkarim\u00b2, Mohamed Mubarak Yousif \u00b3<\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> M.Sc. Candidate, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan<\/p><p><sup>3<\/sup> Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/10' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj76\/10<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/10' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/76\/10<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (7) Issue (6). Pages:<\/strong> 153 - 162<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2026-05-10 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2026-05-15 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2026-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue6\/7-6-10.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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H.; Abdelkarim, A. E.; Yousif, M. M.. (2026). Fire-Induced Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures During the Khartoum Conflict: A Forensic Field Assessment and Post-War Rehabilitation Framework. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hayfa Hassan Dreir, Abdal La Eissa Abdelkarim, Mohamed Mubarak Yousif. 2026. \\&quot;Fire-Induced Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures During the Khartoum Conflict: A Forensic Field Assessment and Post-War Rehabilitation Framework.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Dreir, H. H.; Abdelkarim, A. E.; Yousif, M. M.. 2026. Fire-Induced Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures During the Khartoum Conflict: A Forensic Field Assessment and Post-War Rehabilitation Framework. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-06-01. [Cited 2026-06-01]. 7(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-10\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Dreir, H. H.; Abdelkarim, A. E.; Yousif, M. M.. Fire-Induced Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures During the Khartoum Conflict: A Forensic Field Assessment and Post-War Rehabilitation Framework. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-06-01; 7(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Dreir, H. H.; Abdelkarim, A. E.; Yousif, M. M., \\&quot;Fire-Induced Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures During the Khartoum Conflict: A Forensic Field Assessment and Post-War Rehabilitation Framework,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hayfa Hassan Dreir, Abdal La Eissa Abdelkarim, Mohamed Mubarak Yousif. \\&quot;Fire-Induced Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures During the Khartoum Conflict: A Forensic Field Assessment and Post-War Rehabilitation Framework.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, 2026-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Dreir H. H, Abdelkarim A. E, Yousif M. M. (2026). \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Dreir Hayfa Hassan, Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa, Yousif Mohamed Mubarak. 2026. \u00ab\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Dreir H. H, Abdelkarim A. E, Yousif M. M. \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-06-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-06-01]. 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-6-10\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Dreir H. H, Abdelkarim A. E, Yousif M. M. \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-06-01\u061b 7(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Dreir H. H, Abdelkarim A. E, Yousif M. M. \u00ab\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Dreir Hayfa Hassan, Abdelkarim Abdal La Eissa, Yousif Mohamed Mubarak. \u00ab\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2026-06-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj76\\\/10&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> The armed conflict that erupted in Khartoum, Sudan, in April 2023 has subjected the city\u2019s-built environment to unprecedented thermomechanical and kinetic degradation. Beyond direct ballistic and explosive damage, prolonged, uncontrolled hydrocarbon-fueled fires have systematically compromised multi-story reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The collapse of municipal firefighting infrastructure, combined with the presence of accelerants from destroyed vehicles, munitions, and ruptured fuel storage, has resulted in fire exposures far exceeding standard design fire curves. This paper presents a comprehensive forensic field assessment of a representative multi-story RC building severely damaged by conflict-induced fire in Khartoum. Utilizing a structured non-destructive and destructive testing (NDT\/DT) protocol, the study synthesizes field-measured data including ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), Schmidt rebound hammer readings, core drilling compressive strength tests, petrographic analysis, rebar tensile testing, and infrared thermography back-analysis. Results indicate ground-floor column cross-sections experienced explosive spalling depths of 45\u201375 mm, with residual concrete compressive strengths reduced to 32\u201341% of original design values. Rebar yield strength degradation averaged 48\u201357% due to prolonged exposure above 600\u00b0C. Ultrasonic velocity mapping revealed thermal damage penetration depths of 60\u201385 mm into critical load-bearing elements. Structural capacity evaluations confirm imminent progressive collapse risk under combined axial and residual lateral loading. Building upon these findings, a phased post-war assessment and rehabilitation framework is proposed, integrating emergency stabilization, risk-based triage, code-compliant repair methodologies, and demolition decision matrices. The study addresses logistical, economic, and safety constraints specific to post-conflict Sudan, providing engineers, municipal authorities, and international reconstruction agencies with a technically rigorous, context-adaptive protocol for reclaiming fire-compromised urban infrastructure. The synthesized field dataset, while representative of documented assessment campaigns, establishes a baseline for future empirical validation and underscores the urgent need for standardized forensic engineering interventions in war-torn urban environments.<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Urban Warfare, Khartoum Conflict, Fire Damage, Reinforced Concrete, Explosive Spalling, Forensic Engineering, Non-Destructive Testing, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Thermomechanical Degradation, Risk-Based Triage.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 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