{"id":16800,"date":"2026-05-05T18:14:15","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T18:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=16800"},"modified":"2026-05-05T18:14:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T18:14:18","slug":"7-5-63","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-63\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645.\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 <sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0645 .\u062f . \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a <sup>2<\/sup>\u060c \u0645.\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 <sup>3<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> 2 3 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0643-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. , Hayder.ealan.idi@atu.edu.iq  1, hazim.maabd@atu.edu.iq 2, Adnan.yaseen.idi1@atu.edu.iq 3.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Impressionistic Criticism in the Evaluation of Classical Arabic Poetry<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Asst. Lect. Haider Ealan Abbas\u00b9, Lect. Dr. Hazim Alaa Maabad Atib Al-Humaidi\u00b2, Asst. Lect. Adnan Hamid Yaseen Kadhim\u00b3<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 \u00b2 \u00b3 Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Qadisiyah Polytechnic College, Iraq.<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 Hayder.ealan.idi@atu.edu.iq<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>, \u00b2 hazim.maabd@atu.edu.iq<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>, \u00b3 Adnan.yaseen.idi1@atu.edu.iq<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/63' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/63<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/63' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/63<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 1143 - 1157<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-63.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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Lect. Haider Ealan Abbas\u00b9, Lect. Dr. Hazim Alaa Maabad Atib Al-Humaidi\u00b2, Asst. Lect. 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E., Al-Humaidi H. A. M. A., Kadhim A. H. Y.. (2026). Impressionistic Criticism in the Evaluation of Classical Arabic Poetry. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/63&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Abbas, Haider Ealan; Al-Humaidi, Hazim Alaa Maabad Atib; Kadhim, Adnan Hamid Yaseen.. 2026. \\&quot;Impressionistic Criticism in the Evaluation of Classical Arabic Poetry.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/63&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Abbas H. E., Al-Humaidi H. A. M. A., Kadhim A. H. Y.. 2026. Impressionistic Criticism in the Evaluation of Classical Arabic Poetry. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-06]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-63\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/63&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Abbas H. E., Al-Humaidi H. A. M. A., Kadhim A. H. Y.. Impressionistic Criticism in the Evaluation of Classical Arabic Poetry. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/63&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Abbas H. E., Al-Humaidi H. A. M. A., Kadhim A. H. Y., \\&quot;Impressionistic Criticism in the Evaluation of Classical Arabic Poetry,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/63&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Abbas, Haider Ealan; Al-Humaidi, Hazim Alaa Maabad Atib; Kadhim, Adnan Hamid Yaseen.. \\&quot;Impressionistic Criticism in the Evaluation of Classical Arabic Poetry.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/63&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d. \u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062d. \u0639. \u0645. \u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0639. \u062d. \u064a. 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\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639\u064a\u062f.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> The study examines impressionistic criticism in the evaluation of classical Arabic poetry as one of the early approaches that contributed to the formation of Arab critical awareness. This type of criticism is based on personal taste and the direct emotional response to the poetic text rather than on detailed systematic analysis. The study aims to clarify the concept and characteristics of impressionistic criticism and to trace its manifestations in poetic texts and books of literature and anecdotes through selected examples from critics, narrators, and men of letters such as Al-Asma\u2018i, Al-Jahiz, Ibn Sallam Al-Jumahi, Abu Bakr Al-Isfahani, Abu Haffan, Al-Suli, and Ibn Manzur. The study shows that many early critical judgments appeared in concise taste-based expressions such as \u201cthe best,\u201d \u201cthe finest,\u201d and \u201cthe most poetic of people,\u201d without extended analytical justification, which reflects the centrality of psychological impact and emotional response in the process of evaluation. It also reveals that impressionistic criticism was neither a passing phenomenon nor a methodological deficiency, but rather an expression of a natural stage in the development of aesthetic awareness in the Arabic critical tradition, in which literary taste was interwoven with the prevailing ethical and aesthetic values. The study concludes that impressionistic criticism represents an authentic foundation in the evaluation of classical Arabic poetry, as it reveals the presence of the receiving self in critical judgment and confirms that aesthetic experience begins with feeling and emotional impact before developing into analysis and theorization.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Impressionistic criticism, classical Arabic poetry, literary taste, critical evaluation, books of literature and anecdotes.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a 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href=\"#post-16800-footnote-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 (<strong>\u0641\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/strong>(\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0635\u0627\u063a 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justify;\"><strong>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0647\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064e \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064e \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0648 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0641\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-14\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631: \u00ab\u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647\u0627 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href=\"#post-16800-footnote-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 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justify;\"><strong>\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064e\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064e \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a \u0639\u0630\u0631\u064c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064f\u062d\u0648\u062f\u0643\u064e \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629\u064b &#8230; \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a \u0639\u0630\u0631\u064c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u064f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u064f(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-18\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-19\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>)\\<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0623\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 )<strong>\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/strong>( \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0651 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647<strong> \ud83d\ude41 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0650 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0649 )<\/strong> \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u064a\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a \u0628\u0650\u063a\u064e\u064a\u0631\u0650 \u062c\u064f\u0631\u0645\u064d \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0643\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0638\u064f\u0644\u0645\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0642\u064e\u062f \u0643\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064f \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u062a\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0628\u062f\u064c \u0641\u064e\u0635\u0650\u0631\u062a\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u062a\u064e \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0651\u064f(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-22\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647<strong> (\u0642\u064e\u062f \u0643\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064f \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u062a\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0628\u062f\u064c ) <\/strong>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 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justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0642\u064d \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 <strong>(\u0633\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0642)\u060c <\/strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a)\u060c<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0651\u0644::<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0641\u064e\u0642\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u064e\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u064e \u062a\u064e\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0646\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0645 \u0641\u064e\u0642\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0650 \u0623\u064e\u0634\u064e\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0641\u064e\u0642\u062f\u064d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0628\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0628\u0651\u064f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0635\u0650\u0631\u062a\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0633\u064e\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0631\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0628\u062f\u064d(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-23\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0639\u0629 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justify;\">\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0651\u201d \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-24\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a <strong>(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-25\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0630\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 (<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-26\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>) .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-27\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>) : <strong>\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0630 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0639(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-28\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646(<sup><a id=\"post-16800-footnote-ref-29\" href=\"#post-16800-footnote-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>) :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u062b \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u064a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0641\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a : &#8220;\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0632\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062d\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064d \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631. (1995\u0645). <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn \u2018Asakir. (1995). <strong>The History of Damascus<\/strong>. Edited by Muhibb al-Din Abi Sa\u2018id \u2018Umar ibn Gharamah al-\u2018Amrawi. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1417\u0647\u0640). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Hamdun al-Baghdadi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Muhammad. (1417 AH). <strong>Al-Tadhkirah al-Hamduniyyah<\/strong>. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar Sader.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062d\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a). <strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631. \u062c\u062f\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Sallam al-Jumahi. (n.d.). <strong>Classes of the Master Poets<\/strong>. Edited by Mahmoud Muhammad Shakir. Jeddah: Dar al-Madani.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u064a. (1997\u0645). <strong>\u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn \u2018Abd al-Barr, Yusuf ibn \u2018Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Namari al-Qurtubi. (1997). <strong>The Delight of Gatherings, the Pleasure of Assemblies, and the Sharpening of the Mind and Thought<\/strong>. Edited by Muhammad Mursi al-Khuli. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a. (1924\u0645). <strong>\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibn Manzur al-Misri. (1924). <strong>Reports on Abu Nuwas: His Life, Anecdotes, Poetry, and Licentiousness<\/strong>. Edited by Muhammad \u2018Abd al-Rasul Ibrahim Jum\u2018ah and \u2018Abbas al-Shirbini. Vol. 1. Cairo: Al-I\u2018timad Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a. (1981\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646. \u06373. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Tammam, Habib ibn Aws al-Ta\u2019i. (1981). <strong>Al-Hamasah<\/strong>. Edited by \u2018Abdullah \u2018Asilan. 3rd ed. Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0645. \u06375. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Tammam, Habib ibn Aws al-Ta\u2019i. (n.d.). <strong>The Diwan of Abu Tammam with the Commentary of al-Khatib al-Tabrizi<\/strong>. Edited by Muhammad \u2018Abduh \u2018Azzam. 5th ed. Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0626. (1953\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u201c\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633\u201d<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Nuwas, al-Hasan ibn Hani\u2019. (1953). <strong>The Diwan of al-Hasan ibn Hani\u2019 \u201cAbu Nuwas\u201d<\/strong>. Edited by Ahmad \u2018Abd al-Majid al-Ghazali. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-\u2018Arabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0626. (1998\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Nuwas, al-Hasan ibn Hani\u2019. (1998). <strong>The Diwan of Abu Nuwas<\/strong>. Edited by Mahmoud Effendi Wasif. 1st ed. Cairo: Al-Matba\u2018ah al-\u2018Umumiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0626. (2010\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a. \u06371. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0638\u0628\u064a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Nuwas, al-Hasan ibn Hani\u2019. (2010). <strong>The Diwan of Abu Nuwas according to al-Suli\u2019s Narration<\/strong>. Edited by Bahjat \u2018Abd al-Ghafur al-Hadithi. 1st ed. Abu Dhabi: National Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628. (1999\u0645). <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Isfahani, al-Raghib. (1999). <strong>Lectures of Men of Letters and Dialogues of Poets and Rhetoricians<\/strong>. Edited by \u2018Umar Faruq al-Tabba\u2018. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f. (1985\u0645). <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u06372. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Isfahani, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Dawud. (1985). <strong>The Book of al-Zahrah<\/strong>. Edited by Ibrahim al-Samarra\u2019i. 2nd ed. Amman: Maktabat al-Manar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633. (2004\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u06375. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Imru\u2019 al-Qays. (2004). <strong>The Diwan of Imru\u2019 al-Qays<\/strong>. Edited by Mustafa \u2018Abd al-Shafi. 5th ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626. (1987\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Irbili, Baha\u2019 al-Din al-Munshi\u2019. (1987). <strong>Al-Tadhkirah al-Fakhriyyah<\/strong>. Edited by Nuri Hammudi al-Qaysi and Hatim Salih al-Damin. 1st ed. Cairo: \u2018Alam al-Kutub, Maktabat al-Nahdah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0631\u064a. (1964\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Buhturi. (1964). <strong>The Diwan of al-Buhturi<\/strong>. Edited by Hasan Kamil al-Sayrafi. 1st ed. Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c. (1964\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Basri, Nasr al-Din ibn Abi al-Faraj. (1964). <strong>Al-Hamasah al-Basriyyah<\/strong>. Corrected and annotated by Mukhtar al-Din Ahmad. Hyderabad: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif al-\u2018Uthmaniyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f. (1981\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bashshar ibn Burd. (1981). <strong>The Diwan of Bashshar ibn Burd<\/strong>. Edited by al-Sayyid Badr al-Din al-\u2018Alawi. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Thaqafah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631. (1998\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u06377. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jahiz, \u2018Amr ibn Bahr al-Basri. (1998). <strong>Al-Bayan wa al-Tabyin<\/strong>. Edited by \u2018Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun. 7th ed. Beirut: Dar al-Jil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642. (2020\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong>. \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Badri, Marwah \u2018Abd al-Khaliq. (2020). <strong>Critical Issues in the Books of Poets\u2019 Reports<\/strong>. PhD dissertation, Department of Arabic Language, College of Education, University of al-Qadisiyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631. (2016\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/strong>. \u06372. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jarir. (2016). <strong>The Diwan of Jarir<\/strong>. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dar al-Arqam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649. (2003\u0645). <strong>\u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Hasani, al-Sharif Diya\u2019 al-Din Yusuf ibn Yahya. (2003). <strong>Nasmat al-Sahar bi Dhikr Man Tashayya\u2018a wa Sha\u2018ar<\/strong>. Edited by Kamil Salman al-Juburi. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646. (1989\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Two Khalidis. (1989). <strong>Selected Poetry of Bashshar ibn Burd<\/strong>. Edited by Sami Makki al-\u2018Ani. Baghdad: Dar al-Shu\u2019un al-Thaqafiyyah al-\u2018Ammah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0641\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a. (1984\u0645). <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>. \u06377. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dayf, Shawqi. (1984). <strong>The History of Literary Criticism among the Arabs<\/strong>. 7th ed. Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1991\u0645). <strong>\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a<\/strong>. \u063710. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shayib, Ahmad. (1991). <strong>Principles of Literary Criticism<\/strong>. 10th ed. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Misriyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631. (1980\u0645). <strong>\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a. \u06373. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Suli, Abu Bakr. (1980). <strong>Reports on Abu Tammam<\/strong>. Edited by Khalil Mahmoud \u2018Asakir, Muhammad \u2018Abduh \u2018Azzam, and Nazir al-Islam al-Hindi. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1998\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062c. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-\u2018Askari, Abu Hilal al-Hasan ibn \u2018Abdullah. (1998). <strong>Diwan al-Ma\u2018ani<\/strong>. Edited by Ahmad Hasan Basaj. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. (1986\u0645). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u06371. \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fathi, Ibrahim. (1986). <strong>Dictionary of Literary Terms<\/strong>. 1st ed. Tunis: Arab Foundation for United Publishers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649. (1999\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d \u201c\u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649\u201d<\/strong>. \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Qays ibn al-Mulawwah, Majnun Layla. (1999). <strong>The Diwan of Qays ibn al-Mulawwah \u201cMajnun Layla\u201d<\/strong>. Narrated by Abu Bakr al-Walibi; studied and annotated by Yusra \u2018Abd al-Ghani. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-\u2018Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0631. (1987\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Laqit ibn Ya\u2018mur. (1987). <strong>The Diwan of Laqit ibn Ya\u2018mur al-Iyadi<\/strong>. Edited by \u2018Abd al-Mu\u2018id Khan. Beirut: Al-Resalah Foundation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631. (1970\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>. \u06372. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mandur, Muhammad. (1970). <strong>Systematic Criticism among the Arabs and the Method of Research in Literature and Language<\/strong>. 2nd ed. Cairo: Dar Nahdat Misr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064a. (1990\u0645). <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u06371. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mihyar al-Daylami. (1990). <strong>The Diwan of Mihyar al-Daylami<\/strong>. Edited by Majid Tarrad. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-\u2018Arabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1967\u0645). <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. \u06372. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Tha\u2018alibi, Abu Mansur \u2018Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad. (1967). <strong>The Book of Scattering Verse and Untying the Knot<\/strong>. Edited by Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim. 2nd ed. Cairo: Dar al-Ma\u2018arif.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0632\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644. (1985\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong>. \u06373. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zaki, Ahmad Kamal. (1985). <strong>Modern Literary Criticism: Its Principles and Trends<\/strong>. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dar al-Nahdah al-\u2018Arabiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a. (1997\u0645). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/strong>. \u06373. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hilal, Muhammad Ghunaymi. (1997). <strong>Modern Literary Criticism<\/strong>. 3rd ed. Cairo: Dar Nahdat Misr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635. 123. <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a : 141 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u064a : 41 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0636\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0635118 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u063542 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062d\u064a\u060c \u063535. <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063575. <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0628 : 116 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0635120 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() <a id=\"post-16800-_Hlk222243125\"><\/a>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0626 (\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633) \u060c \u0635 645 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0635100 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0635610 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 2\/155-156 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 1\/296 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0649\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \/322 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0635 658 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 1\u061f113 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 3\/38 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \/220 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 4\/1757 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631 2\/332 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a 1\/284 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 1\/228 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0635 664-665 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0635 55 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0635 55 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0635 847 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0635 75 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0635 75 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0635 114 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() <a id=\"post-16800-_Hlk222243343\"><\/a>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 2\/1050 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0635101 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0635170 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 : \u0663\u0665. <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 : 5\/ 200-201 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064a : 2\/173 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 : 5\/ 200-201 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a : 1\/47 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 : 287 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0635 588\u060c <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() (\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645: 106-108). <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c\u0635\u060c 446 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() (\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645: 180). <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() (\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 : 157). <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u060c \u0635204 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633 : 75 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a : 273 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-39\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 : 588 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-40\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u060c \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0647 : 190 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16800-footnote-41\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">() \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633 : 710 <a href=\"#post-16800-footnote-ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0650\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u064a. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16800","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16800","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16800"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16800\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16801,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16800\/revisions\/16801"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16800"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}