{"id":1664,"date":"2021-09-30T19:12:23","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T19:12:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=1664"},"modified":"2021-09-30T19:12:51","modified_gmt":"2021-09-30T19:12:51","slug":"2-10-6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/2-10-6\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: aal061@dohainstitute.edu.qa<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj2106<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/10\/2021\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 13\/09\/2021\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/a>Research Article <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nuclear deterrence strategy and its impact on the spread of nuclear weapons<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abdul Rahman Saeed Al-Kuwari1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> PhD student. And researcher in monetary security studies<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj2106<\/p>\n

\n

Published at 01\/10\/2021 Accepted at 13\/09\/2021 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

The concept of deterrence is one of the oldest concepts known to humanity, but at the end of World War II this concept was crystallized as a strategy after the United States bombed Japan with two atomic bombs. This constituted an imminent danger for the commended US competitors. This sentiment has helped to adopt policies concerned with acquiring weapons of mass destruction. Although this type of weapon was only used in the bombing of Japan, many countries were interested in acquiring nuclear weapons. This paper studies how a country’s possession of nuclear weapons affected its competition in acquiring nuclear weapons, as a deterrent from the opponent. This study uses case study methodologies to study five different nuclear states and their relationship with their opponents after they acquired nuclear weapons.<\/p>\n

\n

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\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0632\u0647\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u064e \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061f \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064f\u0637\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    Robert Powell, “The theoretical foundations of strategic nuclear deterrence,” Political Science Quarterly<\/em> 100, no. 1 (1985),http:\/\/bit.ly\/2O0ywJw<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. lawrence freedman, Strategy A History<\/em>, Nuclear Game, (UK: Oxford university press, 2013). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Sue Wareham Oam, ” “Nuclear Deterrence Theory – A Threat to Inflict Terror,” Flinders Law Journal <\/em>15 (2013). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. <\/a> William C Roesch, “US-Japan joint reassessment of atomic bomb radiation dosimetry in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. DS86. Dosimetry System 1986. Vol. 1,” (1987), http:\/\/bit.ly\/33xZeQq<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. <\/a>James J. Wirtz John Baylis, and Colin S. Gray, STRATEGY in the Contemporary World<\/em>\n

    sixth ed., The second nuclear Age: nuclear weapons in the twenty first-century, (UK: Oxford uneversty, 2019), 203. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n

  6. \u0627<\/a>\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0647<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646, 2012). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. <\/a>“\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 1540\u060c” \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 2004\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 1 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c 2019\u060c http:\/\/bit.ly\/2owoFCe<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. <\/a>Robert W Nelson, “Nuclear bunker busters, mini-nukes, and the US nuclear stockpile,” Physics Today<\/em> 56, no. 11 (29-10-2019 2003), http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Nppc1A<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. <\/a> Hans M Kristensen and Robert S Norris, “The B61 family of nuclear bombs,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists<\/em> 70, no. 3 (2014), http:\/\/bit.ly\/31Yuo1C<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. Sylvia Mishra, Could unmanned underwater vehicles undermine nuclear deterrence? The Strategist \u2014 The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog, 8 May 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Oe8TpN \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  11. <\/a>John Baylis, STRATEGY in the Contemporary World<\/em>\n

    216. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n

  12. <\/a>Stephen G Warren and Warren J Wiscombe, “Dirty snow after nuclear war,” Nature<\/em> 313, no. 6002 (1985), https:\/\/go.nature.com\/35fzdWi<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  13. Kristensen, Hans M., and Robert S. Norris. “Pakistani nuclear forces, 2015.”\u00a0Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists<\/em>\u00a071, no. 6 (2015), Pp60, http:\/\/bit.ly\/36ZISkj<\/a> \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  14. Kaiser, Karl. “Non\u2010proliferation and nuclear deterrence.” Survival 31, no. 2 (1989): 123-136 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  15. Jeffrey Michaels Lawrence Freedman, The evolution of nuclear strategy<\/em>, Fourth Edition ed. (London UK: King,s college London, 2019). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  16. MICHAEL MCCGWIRE, “Nuclear deterrence1,” International Affairs<\/em> 82, no. 4 (2006), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2006.00568.x<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  17. ANDREW O’NEIL, “Extended nuclear deterrence in East Asia: redundant or resurgent?,” International Affairs<\/em> 87, no. 6 (2011), http:\/\/bit.ly\/36hCIgg<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  18. Jennifer Bradley, Increasing uncertainty: the dangers of relying on conventional forces for nuclear deterrence<\/em>, Air University Maxwell AFB United States (2016), http:\/\/bit.ly\/36iCaXx<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  19. Alexander George and Richard Smoke, “Deterrence Theory Revisited,” Deterrence in American Foreign Policy<\/em> 31 ( 1979), Cambridge University Press, http:\/\/bit.ly\/355C4Bo<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  20. Jeffrey W Knopf, “The fourth wave in deterrence research,” Contemporary Security Policy<\/em> 31, no. 1 (2010), https:\/\/bit.ly\/34kgzg8<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  21. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 . \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c(1984) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  22. Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence<\/em>, first published ed. (UK: Polity Press, 2004). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  23. Roberta Mulas, “Strategies of Disarmament: Civil Society and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ” (University of Warwick, 2016). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  24. “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0647\u060c” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1\u060c 2019\u060c http:\/\/bit.ly\/2nPfAVa<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  25. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631<\/em> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a: \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 2011. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  26. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c” \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/em> (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2001). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  27. William T Tow, “The nuclear Waltz: Rational actors, deterrence and nuclear non-proliferation,” Australian Journal of Political Science<\/em> 49, no. 3 (2014), http:\/\/bit.ly\/330uR4I<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  28. Richard Weixing-Hu, “India\u2019s nuclear bomb and future Sino-Indian relations,” East Asia<\/em> 17, no. 1 (1999), http:\/\/bit.ly\/2qKq49y.<\/a> \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  29. Hans M. Kristensen, Robert S. Norris, and Julia Diamond, “Pakistani nuclear forces,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists<\/em> (2018 2018), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00963402.2018.1507796, http:\/\/bit.ly\/31QJozl<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  30. “The coming nuclear crises,” The Strategist \u2014 The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog. Copyrigh, 2019, accessed 20-11, 2019, https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.org.au\/the-coming-nuclear-crises\/<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  31. “Fears of nuclear rearmament as the INF Treaty crumbles,” The Strategist \u2014 The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog, 2019, accessed 21-11, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/337aT7G<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  32. Susan Turner Haynas, Chinese Nuclear Proliferation, University Of Nebraska Press, pp 14-15, 2016 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  33. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f-\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 1948\u0645\u060c2012\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 (\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 16\u060c \u0635 113-85\u060c http:\/\/bit.ly\/2X0cA5k<\/a> \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  34. \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 1967-1973\u0645\u060c” \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/em> 1\u060c. 24 (2017)\u060c http:\/\/bit.ly\/2qBq2ka.<\/a> \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  35. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d<\/em>\u060c. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 1982). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  36. “Egypt: Total population from 2007 to 2017, by gender (in millions),” Statista 2019, updated 18-11-2019, 2019, accessed 18-11, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2OonEW7<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  37. “Syria: Total population from 2000 to 2010 (in million inhabitants),” Total population of Syria 2010, Statista 2019, updated 18-11-2019, 2019, accessed 18-11, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2CSpMQu<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  38. “Jordan: Total population from 2014 to 2024 (in million inhabitants),” Total population of Jordan 2024, Statista 2019, updated 18-11-2019, 2019, accessed 18-11, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Ok4P6u<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  39. “Israel Population,” World Bank, 2019, accessed October 3, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2LHRwwq<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  40. “Surface area (sp.Km),” 2019 The World Bank Group, 2018, accessed 4-OCTOBER, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2AJRbTT<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  41. “Experts see Israel headed for confrontation with Iran,” The Strategist \u2014 The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog. Copyright, 2019, accessed 20-11, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/35p8vKX<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  42. <\/a> \u0631\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/em> (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 2015). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  43. Katherine Slager, “Legality, Legitimacy and Anticipatory Self-Defense: Considering an Israeli Preemptive Strike on Iran’s Nuclear Program,” NCJ Int’l L. & Com. Reg.<\/em> 38 (2012), http:\/\/bit.ly\/2NQsX0m<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  44. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 2013). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  45. \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 2014). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  46. Jeff Tollefson, “US Exit from Iran Nuclear Deal Endangers Research,” NEWS IN FOCUS<\/em> (London) 2018, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2OiOIb0<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  47. “Israel\u2019s new front in the fight against Iran,” Middle East Institute, 2019, accessed 18-11, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2KxXDCx<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  48. \n

    “Iran’s IRGC reshuffle and its security implications,” Middle East Institute, 2019, accessed 18-11, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2QviXg0<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  49. <\/a> \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c. 10 (\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c 2009 \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  50. \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  51. \n

    “<\/a>Why Iran\u2019s leadership is opposed to US negotiations despite pressure,” Middle East Institute 2019, accessed 18-11, 2019, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Kx3Uyl<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  52. WYN Q. BOWEN and JONATHAN BREWER, “Iran’s nuclear challenge: nine years and counting,” International Affairs<\/em> 87, no. 4 (2011), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2011.01011.x<\/a> \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  53. \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u06462007. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  54. \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u060c “\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0649\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a”\u060c 2019\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 28\u060c http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Jyy2sE<\/a> \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  55. \u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c “\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 59\u060c 2012<\/em>\u060c https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12816\/0003543, http:\/\/bit.ly\/2CqV94w.<\/a> \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  56. William Wunderle and Andre Briere, U.S. Foreign Policy and Israel\u2019s Qualitative Military Edge The Need for a Common Vision, Policy Focus 80, January 2008 pp 9. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  57. \n

    Iranian Leader Leily Lankarani, ” Israel A “Cancerous Tumor,” “ CBS NEWS<\/em> 2009, https:\/\/cbsn.ws\/2pS2HKV. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  58. \u0645. \u0645. \u0638\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0631\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d)\u060c” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/em> 20\u060c 81 (2014)\u060c http:\/\/bit.ly\/2JCUDoa<\/a>. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  59. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/em>\u060c. \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649.\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c (\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c 2007). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  60. \n

    Weixing-Hu, “India\u2019s nuclear bomb and future Sino-Indian relations.” \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  61. \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a, “\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (1925\u20131971 \u0645)\u060c” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/em> 1\u060c. 17 (2015)\u060c http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Xl69de.<\/a> \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  62. \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/em> (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2011). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
  63. \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/em>\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649. (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u06312016\u060c \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
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    \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a1 1 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: aal061@dohainstitute.edu.qa HNSJ, 2021, 2(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj2106 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/10\/2021\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 13\/09\/2021\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1664","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1664","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1664"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1664\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1691,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1664\/revisions\/1691"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1664"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}