{"id":16626,"date":"2026-05-01T09:04:44","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T09:04:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-5-52\/"},"modified":"2026-05-02T20:47:01","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T20:47:01","slug":"7-5-52","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-52\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 52"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 2003<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 - \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 - \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Internal Causes of the Outbreak of the Darfur Crisis in 2003<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Hassan Abdelrahman Ismail\u00b9, Prof. Dr. Mohammed Dakhil Karim Al-Saadi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'>\u00b9 University of Al-Hamdaniya, College of Education for Humanities, Department of History, Iraq.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/52' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/52<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/52' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/52<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 913 - 934<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-52.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A., Al-Saadi M. D. K.. (2026). The Internal Causes of the Outbreak of the Darfur Crisis in 2003. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Ismail Hassan Abdelrahman, Al-Saadi Mohammed Dakhil Karim. 2026. \\&quot;The Internal Causes of the Outbreak of the Darfur Crisis in 2003.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Ismail H. A., Al-Saadi M. D. K.. 2026. The Internal Causes of the Outbreak of the Darfur Crisis in 2003. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-52\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/52&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Ismail H. A., Al-Saadi M. D. K.. The Internal Causes of the Outbreak of the Darfur Crisis in 2003. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/52&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Ismail H. A., Al-Saadi M. D. K., \\&quot;The Internal Causes of the Outbreak of the Darfur Crisis in 2003,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/52&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Ismail Hassan Abdelrahman, Al-Saadi Mohammed Dakhil Karim. \\&quot;The Internal Causes of the Outbreak of the Darfur Crisis in 2003.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/52&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u062d. \u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0645. \u062f. \u0643. 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\u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aims to analyze the main factors that led to the outbreak of the Darfur Crisis in 2003 by examining the natural and climatic, social, administrative and political, as well as economic dimensions, as these interconnected factors constituted the fundamental basis for the eruption of the conflict.\r\nWith regard to the natural and climatic factors, the Darfur region witnessed significant environmental deterioration as a result of waves of desertification, drought, and fluctuating rainfall patterns, which led to the depletion of natural resources, particularly water, pastures, and agricultural land, thereby intensifying competition among the local population. From a social perspective, tribal tensions among the people of Darfur, increased friction between settled tribes and nomadic groups, in addition to the weakness of traditional conflict-resolution mechanisms, contributed to widening divisions and escalating tribal conflicts.\r\nConcerning the administrative and political factors, weak governmental institutions, the absence of effective administration, and the marginalization of the region by the central government all fueled feelings of inequality and cultural and ethnic exclusion. At the economic level, the region suffered from the absence of development standards and the neglect of infrastructure and investments, which in turn resulted in rising rates of poverty and unemployment, while increasing pressure on the region\u2019s limited resources.\r\nAccordingly, it becomes evident that the Darfur Crisis was the outcome of a complex interaction among these combined causes rather than the result of a single factor. These conditions ultimately led to the outbreak of the crisis in the Sudanese region of Darfur in 2003, pushing the region into a crisis and civil war whose consequences continue to this day.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Rainfall, Hawakir, Marginalization, Cultural Exclusion, Tribal Conflicts, Armed Robbery.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (2003\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644(Sievers et al., 2010, p. 176).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a 1972\u0645 \u06481974\u0645 \u06481982\u0645 \u06481984\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (2003\u0645) \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634. (2015). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 65. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Palani, Ibraheem Qasim Darwish. (2015). The geopolitical dimensions of the environmental conflict in Darfur. Diyala Journal for Human Research, Issue 65. University of Diyala, College of Education for Human Sciences.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631. (2020). \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 16(4).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abbas, Ahmed Raheel, &amp; Mohiuddin, Zakir. (2020). Causes and factors behind the outbreak of the rebellion in Darfur in 2003. Journal of Research of the College of Basic Education, 16(4).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. (2024). \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abkar, Ahmed Suleiman. (2024). The wonders and peculiarities of politics in Sudan. Dar Al-Khaleej for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0622\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 1989\u20131995. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c 17(5).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adam, Ahmed Abdullah. (2022). Internal conflicts and civil wars in Sudan, 1989\u20131995. Journal of Graduate Studies, 17(5).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u064a.\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a.\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633. (2008). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tarbuck, Edward J., Lutgens, Frederick K., &amp; Tasa, Dennis. (2008). Earth: An introduction to physical geology. Obeikan Publishing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642. (2013). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim, Amal Farouk. (2013). The African Union and its role in resolving Sudanese problems: Darfur as a model (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Al-Mustansiriya University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649. (2004). \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Sadiq, Amira Mustafa. (2004). The psychological and social effects of the war in Darfur in public universities in Khartoum State (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). University of Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Malik, Anwar. (n.d.). The revolution of a nation: The secrets of the Arab League to Syria. Obeikan Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u0649. (2013). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 67\u060c 275-308.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yaqoub, Ishaq Ibrahim Huda. (2013). Climate change and its impact on agricultural production in North Darfur State, Sudan. Basra Journal of Arts, Issue 67, 275\u2013308.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649. (2006). \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064d\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Othman, Ismail Mustafa. (2006). Darfur: Past, present, and future. Dar Al-Asala for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. (2009). \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 12(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Budairi, Iyad Ayed Wali. (2009). The Darfur problem: Its causes and consequences. Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Human Sciences, 12(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0647\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. (2017). \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hamad, Hadeel Abbas. (2017). The Darfur region: A study of its social, economic, and political conditions up to 2001 (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). University of Babylon.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631. (2004). \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 29.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Husseini, Samir. (2004). The humanitarian effects of the Darfur conflict. Al-Insani Monthly Magazine, Issue 29.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0632\u0643\u064a. (2006). \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Buhturi, Zaki. (2006). The Darfur problem: Historical roots and social dimensions. Madbouly Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645. (2019). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hussein, Sarhan Ghulam. (2019). The historical roots of the Darfur problem: Its development, current reality, and future prospects. Dar Amjad for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u062c. (2011). \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Babiker, Raed Mohammed Abbas Haj. (2011). The impact of the external dimension of the Darfur problem on Sudanese national security (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Omdurman Islamic University.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (2015). \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Farahat, Reda Mohammed Mohiuddin. (2015). Managing the Darfur crisis and the emergence of the conflict: An analytical study. Scientific Journal of Commercial Studies and Environmental Research, 6(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2013). \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dousa, Abdel Jabbar Mahmoud. (2013). Darfur and the crisis of the state in Sudan. Jazirat Al-Ward Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646. (2024). \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 26.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim, Abdul Amir Abdul Hassan. (2024). Climate change and armed conflicts: A study in international humanitarian law, the Darfur conflict as a model. Journal of the College of Law and Political Science at the Iraqi University, Issue 26.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. (2010). \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629). \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jumaa, Abdullah Abdel Salam. (2010). Developing sustainability and its challenges: The Jebel Marra project (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Sudan University of Science and Technology.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0636\u064a\u0641\u064a. (2008). \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Othman, Abdel Moneim Dhaifi. (2008). Darfur: History, conflict, and future. Dar Al-Rashad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0623\u0641\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (2006). \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642: \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628&#8230; \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Raafat, Galal, et al. (2006). Sudan at a crossroads: After war&#8230; before peace. Center for Arab Unity Studies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2003). \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Haqqar, Ali Ahmed. (2003). The political dimension of tribal conflict in Darfur. Printing Company.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f. (2023). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0648-\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Douzi, Walid. (2023). The ethno-tribal conflict in Darfur: Its dynamics and outcomes. Journal of Global Politics, 7(2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. (2015). \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629: \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u061f. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 (UNAMID).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tekna, Youssef. (2015). Darfur: Administrative divisions and tribal conflict in South Darfur State. In Proceedings of the workshop: Shall we unite in peace or confront each other? African Union\u2013United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c. \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alnilin.com\/13286728.htm\">https:\/\/www.alnilin.com\/13286728.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Massar, Abdullah. (n.d.). Great figures from my country: Ahmed Ibrahim Diraige. Alnilin website. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alnilin.com\/13286728.htm\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.alnilin.com\/13286728.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/sudannow.net\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/sudannow.net<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">udan Now. (n.d.). Abdullah Abkar, the igniter of the Sudanese revolution. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/sudannow.net\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/sudannow.net<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.islamist-movements.com\/3285\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.islamist-movements.com\/3285<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel Rahim Ali. (n.d.). The Justice and Equality Movement. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.islamist-movements.com\/3285\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.islamist-movements.com\/3285<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647\u0649. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/563086\">https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/563086<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mahmoud, Noha. (n.d.). Khalil Ibrahim: From commander of the Mujahideen to a slain rebel. Youm7. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/563086\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/563086<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.marefa.org<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Justice and Equality Movement. (n.d.). Marefa. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.marefa.org<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al Jazeera Net. (n.d.). Darfur. Al Jazeera Net. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.marefa.org<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Marefa. (n.d.). Darfur. Marefa. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.marefa.org<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sievers, A. H., Marks, S., &amp; Naidu, S. (2010). <em>Chinese and African perspectives on China in Africa<\/em>. Fahamu\/Pambazuka.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fufa, F. S., &amp; Taa, T. (2014). The crisis in Darfur: A short history. <em>American Research Journal of History and Culture<\/em>, 4, 1\u20137.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (2003\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16626","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16626","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16626"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16626\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16774,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16626\/revisions\/16774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16626"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}