{"id":16617,"date":"2026-05-01T09:04:40","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T09:04:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-5-43\/"},"modified":"2026-05-02T20:35:32","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T20:35:32","slug":"7-5-43","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-43\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 43"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Techno-Economic Feasibility and Self-Recovery Model for Solar Energy Transition: A Case Study of Red Sea University, Sudan<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Musab Mohamedahmed Fadul \u00b9, Abdalla Eissa Abdelkarim\u00b2, Mohamed Mubarak Yousif\u00b3<\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p>\u00b9 M.Sc. Candidate, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan<\/p><p>\u00b2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Sudan<\/p><p>\u00b3 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University,<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/43' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/43<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/43' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/43<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (7) Issue (5). Pages:<\/strong> 802 - 807<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-43.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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M., Abdelkarim A. E., Yousif M. M.. (2026). Techno-Economic Feasibility and Self-Recovery Model for Solar Energy Transition: A Case Study of Red Sea University, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Fadul Musab Mohamedahmed, Abdelkarim Abdalla Eissa, Yousif Mohamed Mubarak. 2026. \\&quot;Techno-Economic Feasibility and Self-Recovery Model for Solar Energy Transition: A Case Study of Red Sea University, Sudan.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Fadul M. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Yousif M. M.. 2026. Techno-Economic Feasibility and Self-Recovery Model for Solar Energy Transition: A Case Study of Red Sea University, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-43\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Fadul M. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Yousif M. M.. Techno-Economic Feasibility and Self-Recovery Model for Solar Energy Transition: A Case Study of Red Sea University, Sudan. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Fadul M. M., Abdelkarim A. E., Yousif M. M., \\&quot;Techno-Economic Feasibility and Self-Recovery Model for Solar Energy Transition: A Case Study of Red Sea University, Sudan,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Fadul Musab Mohamedahmed, Abdelkarim Abdalla Eissa, Yousif Mohamed Mubarak. \\&quot;Techno-Economic Feasibility and Self-Recovery Model for Solar Energy Transition: A Case Study of Red Sea University, Sudan.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Fadul M. M, Abdelkarim A. E, Yousif M. M. (2026). \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Fadul Musab Mohamedahmed , Abdelkarim Abdalla Eissa, Yousif Mohamed Mubarak. 2026. \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Fadul M. M, Abdelkarim A. E, Yousif M. M. \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-05-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-05-21]. 7(5). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-43\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Fadul M. M, Abdelkarim A. E, Yousif M. M. \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-05-01\u061b 7(5). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Fadul M. M, Abdelkarim A. E, Yousif M. M. \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 5\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Fadul Musab Mohamedahmed , Abdelkarim Abdalla Eissa, Yousif Mohamed Mubarak. \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 5\u060c 2026-05-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/43&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Higher education institutions in developing regions increasingly face operational and financial challenges caused by unreliable electricity grids, fuel supply disruptions, and rising fossil-fuel costs. This study examines the techno-economic feasibility of replacing diesel-based power generation with optimized hybrid solar photovoltaic systems at Red Sea University in Port Sudan, Sudan. Using the College of Engineering as a representative technical model, the study conducted an appliance-level load audit and applied a diversity factor to distinguish between theoretical peak demand and realistic daily energy consumption. The analysis reduced the estimated maximum daily load from 622 kWh\/day to a calibrated operational baseline of 84.3 kWh\/day per functional unit. Based on this profile, the proposed system for each unit consists of a 20 kWp photovoltaic array, a 15-kW hybrid inverter, and a 45 kWh LiFePO\u2084 battery bank. The financial analysis demonstrates strong economic viability, with an estimated capital cost of 25.9 million SDG per unit and a university-wide investment of 466.4 million SDG for 18 units. At the current local fuel price of 6,880 SDG per liter, the project is projected to achieve a simple payback period of approximately 2.5 months and a first-year return on investment of about 378%. Sensitivity analysis confirms that the model remains financially feasible even under a 50% reduction in fuel prices, maintaining a payback period of about five months. Environmentally, full implementation would eliminate the consumption of more than 328,000 liters of diesel annually and reduce carbon emissions by approximately 820 tons of CO\u2082 per year. The study concludes that an empirically calibrated hybrid solar transition offers a technically reliable, financially self-recovering, and environmentally sustainable model for university energy infrastructure in resource-constrained contexts.<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> : Solar Energy Transition, Techno-Economic Feasibility, Hybrid PV System, Energy Management, Higher Education Institutions, Diesel Replacement, Sudan.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 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\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0629 45 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 25.9 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 466.4 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 18 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a 6,880 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u062d\u0648 2.5 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 378%. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 50%\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 328,000 \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 820 \u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The transition from decentralized diesel power generation to renewable solar energy is no longer merely an optional environmental upgrade for institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa [12]; it has become a strict financial and operational imperative [11], [13]. The Red Sea University in Port Sudan currently faces severe operational constraints due to extreme fossil fuel price volatility, frequent supply chain disruptions, and inherent national grid instability [21]. With local gasoline prices reaching 6,880 SDG\/liter, traditional power generation has become financially untenable, threatening the continuity of critical academic operations [22].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study introduces an engineering-validated, self-recovering solar transition strategy for 18 faculties and administrative units across the university campus. The primary objectives of this initiative are to: (1) achieve energy independence by deploying hybrid off-grid solar systems to ensure 24\/7 operational continuity [14]; (2) optimize capital efficiency by right-sizing systems based on empirically validated load profiles rather than theoretical maximums [16], [17]; (3) ensure financial self-recovery by leveraging current fuel displacement to achieve rapid payback periods [15]; and (4) support broader climate commitments by contributing to Sudan\u2019s 2030 renewable energy targets and the Paris Agreement Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) [23],[29].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Methodology and Technical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">To establish a standardized, replicable system design for all university units, a detailed study was conducted at the College of Engineering (November 2024) to serve as the institutional blueprint.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.1 Load Auditing and Power Assumptions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Accurate energy modeling requires precise baseline data. An appliance-level audit was performed across academic and administrative zones. Standard power ratings applied included: Ceiling Fans (70 W), LED Lights (15 W), Desktop Computers (250 W), Display Screens (100 W), Projectors (250 W), Water Coolers (500 W), Refrigerators (200 W), Printers (400 W), and Photocopiers (1,000 W) [19], [20]. Heavy workshop equipment and HVAC systems were documented as separate add-ons requiring independent scaling.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2 Operational Load Profile<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The connected load distribution across key operational zones within the College of Engineering yielded a total connected load of 97,140 W (~97.1 kW). The breakdown included:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Administrative Offices (Dean, Registry, Departments):<\/strong>\u00a0~14.1 kW<\/li>\n<li><strong>Professors &amp; Admin Offices (24 units):<\/strong>\u00a0~27.4 kW<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lecture Halls (17 units):<\/strong>\u00a0~17.5 kW<\/li>\n<li><strong>Labs &amp; Workshops (12 units):<\/strong>\u00a0~38.2 kW<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3 Diversity Factor and Energy Calibration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In academic environments, non-simultaneous operation, duty cycling, and staggered scheduling must be accounted for to prevent capital waste [18]. Applying an engineering-standard Diversity Factor of 0.8 (80%) [4], the Theoretical Peak Load was calculated as 77.7 kW. Assuming a standard 8-hour operational day, the Maximum Theoretical Daily Consumption was estimated at 621.6 kWh\/day.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, after factoring in actual usage patterns and part-time facility utilization, the realistic average daily consumption was calibrated down to\u00a0<strong>84.3 kWh\/day<\/strong>. This engineering calibration prevents costly system oversizing while guaranteeing reliable coverage of critical daily loads.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4 System Design Optimization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Two sizing scenarios were evaluated to demonstrate engineering rigor. Designing for the theoretical maximum (622 kWh\/day) would have required a massive 130 kWp PV array and a 400-kWh battery bank, demanding ~650 m\u00b2 of installation space.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Conversely, the final optimized proposal [35], based on the calibrated 84.3 kWh\/day baseline, resulted in the following specifications per unit:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>PV Array:<\/strong>\u00a020 kWp total capacity (32 \u00d7 625W monocrystalline modules), requiring only ~90 m\u00b2 of installation footprint. High-efficiency monocrystalline panels were selected to withstand high-temperature desert conditions [6].<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inverter:<\/strong>\u00a015 kW industrial-grade hybrid inverter (MPPT-integrated) to cover the realistic peak load (~10.54 kW) with sufficient headroom for startup surges.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Battery Storage:<\/strong>\u00a045 kWh LiFePO4 battery bank [10]. LiFePO4 chemistry was chosen for its superior thermal stability and safety against thermal runaway in hot climates [8], [9].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. Financial Analysis and Environmental Impact<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The financial viability of the project was assessed using a Self-Recovery Model, which calculates payback strictly through operational fuel displacement [15].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Savings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The estimated cost per customized solar unit is 25,911,000 SDG. Expanding this model to all 18 faculties and units requires a total capital investment of 466,398,000 SDG (factoring in bulk procurement discounts).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Based on an estimated conservative daily fuel displacement of 50 liters per unit (900 liters\/day across 18 units), the system yields the savings outlined in Table 1.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 1. Operational Savings and Return on Investment (ROI)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Financial Metric<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Estimated Value<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Unit \/ Timeframe<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Daily Cost Avoidance<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6,192,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>SDG \/ Day<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Monthly Savings<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>185,760,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>SDG \/ Month<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Annual Savings<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2,229,120,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>SDG \/ Year<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Simple Payback Period<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>2.51<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Months<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Year 1 ROI<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>~378<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2 Sensitivity Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">To assess financial resilience against market fluctuations, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on fuel prices (Table 2). Even under a severe 50% drop in fuel prices, the project retains a highly viable payback period of just 5.0 months.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 2. Fuel Price Sensitivity Analysis and Project Viability<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Market Scenario<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Fuel Price\u00a0(SDG \/ Liter)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Projected Monthly Savings\u00a0(SDG)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Simple Payback Period\u00a0(Months)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>+20% Price Increase<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8,256<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>222,912,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Current Baseline<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6,880<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>185,760,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>-20% Price Drop<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5,504<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>148,608,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>-50% Price Drop<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3,440<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>92,880,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3 Environmental and Social Impact<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Implementing the 18-unit transition will eliminate the localized burning of over 328,000 liters of diesel annually, avoiding approximately\u00a0<strong>820 tons of CO\u2082 emissions per year<\/strong>\u00a0[24]. Socially, the project ensures uninterrupted educational continuity and includes a localized capacity-building program to certify university technicians in hybrid PV-BMS maintenance [36].<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. Implementation Strategy and Risk Management<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.1 Phased Rollout<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">To maximize cash flow efficiency, a three-phase rollout is proposed:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Phase 1 (Months 1\u20132):<\/strong>\u00a0Deployment in 4 priority faculties. Validates performance via FAT\/SAT and simulated modeling [35] to generate immediate savings.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phase 2 (Months 3\u20135):<\/strong>\u00a0Expansion to 8 additional faculties, funded largely by Phase 1 savings and external financing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phase 3 (Months 6\u20137):<\/strong>\u00a0Completion of 6 administrative units, achieving full university coverage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2 Risk Mitigation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Key technical and environmental risks have been systematically addressed:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>Coastal Corrosion:<\/em>\u00a0Mitigated via hot-dip galvanized mounting and IP65+ marine-grade cabling to withstand Red Sea coastal salinity [26].<\/li>\n<li><em>Equipment Protection:<\/em>\u00a0System compliance aligned with IEC and NFPA 70 standards for surge protection and rapid shutdown [1], [3].<\/li>\n<li><em>Heavy Equipment Inrush:<\/em>\u00a0Managed through separate auditing and soft-starter integration for workshops.<\/li>\n<li><em>Theft\/Vandalism:<\/em>\u00a0Prevented via secure structural mounting, perimeter fencing, and community engagement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5. Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Red Sea University Solar Transition Project presents a technically precise, financially compelling, and environmentally critical framework. By sizing systems to realistic operational consumption rather than theoretical maximums, the university avoids capital overcommitment while guaranteeing academic continuity. With a payback period of under three months at current fuel prices, this project sets a new benchmark for sustainable higher education infrastructure in Sudan.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is highly recommended that funding entities approve phased financing starting with priority faculties. Furthermore, the verified carbon reduction heavily qualifies the institution for international climate finance grants (e.g., Green Climate Fund) [30], [32]. The adoption of this validated standardized template is recommended for immediate deployment.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>International Electrotechnical Commission. (2021).\u00a0<em>IEC 61215-1:2021 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules \u2013 Design qualification and type approval<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>International Electrotechnical Commission. (2020).\u00a0<em>IEC 62619:2020 Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>National Fire Protection Association. (2023).\u00a0<em>NFPA 70: National Electrical Code\u00ae<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Messenger, R. A., &amp; Abtahi, A. (2022).\u00a0<em>Photovoltaic systems engineering<\/em>\u00a0(5th ed.). CRC Press.<\/li>\n<li>Yang, D., Kleissl, J., Gueymard, C. A., et al. (2023). 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(2023).\u00a0<em>Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics<\/em>. Sage Publications.<\/li>\n<li>Cronbach, L. J. (2022). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. In\u00a0<em>Breakthroughs in statistics<\/em>. Springer.<\/li>\n<li>Cohen, J. (2023).\u00a0<em>Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences<\/em>. Routledge.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction The transition from decentralized diesel power generation to renewable solar energy is no longer merely an optional environmental upgrade for institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa [12]; it has become [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16617","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16617","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16617"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16752,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16617\/revisions\/16752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}