{"id":16614,"date":"2026-05-01T09:04:38","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T09:04:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-5-40\/"},"modified":"2026-05-01T09:11:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T09:11:51","slug":"7-5-40","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-40\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 40"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645)<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974)<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Rawaa Sabah Kanawi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> University of Kufa, College of Education for Women, Department of History, Iraq.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/40' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/40<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/40' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/40<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 734 - 756<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-40.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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S.. (2026). The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Kanawi Rawaa Sabah. 2026. \\&quot;The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Kanawi R. S.. 2026. The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-01]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-40\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Kanawi R. S.. The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974). Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Kanawi R. S., \\&quot;The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974),\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Kanawi Rawaa Sabah. \\&quot;The Black Caucus in Congress and the Evolution of Its Political Role during the Presidency of U.S. President Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974).\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631. \u0635. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631. \u0635. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1969\u0645-1974\u0645)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 5\u060c 2026-05-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/40&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This research aims to examine the Black Caucus in the United States Congress and analyze the development of its political role during the presidency of Richard Nixon (1969\u20131974), by clarifying its role in strengthening the representation of African Americans within the American legislative institution. The research problem stems from the limited Arabic studies that have addressed the influence of minority-based parliamentary blocs on political decision-making in the United States, as well as the need to explain how African Americans moved from the margins of political protest to the center of institutional influence within Congress. The significance of this study lies in highlighting a pioneering political experience that contributed to reshaping the concept of minority representation within modern democratic systems, while revealing the nature of the relationship between the Black Caucus and the Nixon administration amid disputes related to civil rights, racial discrimination, economic justice, the Vietnam War, and U.S. foreign policy toward Africa. The study adopts the historical-analytical method through the use of official documents, congressional records, and specialized academic studies. It concludes that the Black Caucus succeeded in consolidating its political presence, expanding its influence within congressional committees, and transforming the social demands of African Americans into an influential legislative agenda despite the partisan and institutional obstacles it faced, making it an important model in the development of minority political participation in the United States.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Black Caucus, United States Congress, Richard Nixon, Political Minorities, Civil Rights.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16614","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16614"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16614\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16640,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16614\/revisions\/16640"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}