{"id":16613,"date":"2026-05-01T09:04:37","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T09:04:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-5-39\/"},"modified":"2026-05-02T20:27:07","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T20:27:07","slug":"7-5-39","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-39\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 39"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0641\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646<sup>1<\/sup>*\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645-\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627-\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629- \u0623.\u062f \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>*\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644: \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 (fadwa.zidan@gmail.com)<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Role of the Institutional Framework in Shaping E-Assessment Practices and Their Sustainability in Palestinian Higher Education<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Fadwa Mahmoud Zaidan\u00b9*, Saida Afouna\u00b2<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> PhD student in the Learning and Teaching Program, Graduate College, An-Najah National University, Palestine.<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> Educational Expert, Professor at An-Najah National University, Palestine. *Corresponding author: Fadwa Mahmoud Zidan (fadwa.zidan@gmail.com)<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/39' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/39<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/39' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/39<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 719 - 733<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-39.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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M., Afouna S.. (2026). The Role of the Institutional Framework in Shaping E-Assessment Practices and Their Sustainability in Palestinian Higher Education. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Zidan Fadwa Mahmoud, Afouna Saida. 2026. \\&quot;The Role of the Institutional Framework in Shaping E-Assessment Practices and Their Sustainability in Palestinian Higher Education.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Zidan F. M., Afouna S.. 2026. The Role of the Institutional Framework in Shaping E-Assessment Practices and Their Sustainability in Palestinian Higher Education. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-39\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/39&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Zidan F. M., Afouna S.. The Role of the Institutional Framework in Shaping E-Assessment Practices and Their Sustainability in Palestinian Higher Education. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/39&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Zidan F. M., Afouna S., \\&quot;The Role of the Institutional Framework in Shaping E-Assessment Practices and Their Sustainability in Palestinian Higher Education,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/39&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Zidan Fadwa Mahmoud, Afouna Saida. \\&quot;The Role of the Institutional Framework in Shaping E-Assessment Practices and Their Sustainability in Palestinian Higher Education.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/39&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641. \u0645\u060c \u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633. 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style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aims to explore the role of the institutional framework in shaping e-assessment practices and their sustainability in Palestinian higher education, using An-Najah National University as a case study. The study adopted a qualitative case study approach, and included a sample of 20 participants from faculty members and e-learning center staff, whose data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed a structural gap between technical governance and pedagogical governance, and that assessment practices are influenced by contextual factors such as instructor experience, disciplinary nature, and class sizes. Participants agreed that e-assessment has moved beyond an emergency response to become a permanent strategic choice, with a clear preference for blended assessment models. In light of these findings, the study recommends establishing a specialized body to monitor assessment quality from a pedagogical perspective in coordination with the e-learning center, and redefining assessment equity through flexible standards that account for disciplinary differences and individual student contexts rather than relying solely on formal standardization.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> E-assessment, Institutional Framework, Palestinian Higher Education, Assessment Equity, Blended Assessment.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 (Kvavadze &amp; Basilaia, 2020)\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 (Hodges et al., 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 (Boud &amp; Falchikov, 2007; Dogan et al., 2020) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (Guangul et al., 2020) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 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\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (Barakat et al., 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 (\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2025). \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (Perkins, 2023). \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Kundu &amp; Bej, 2021)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 (Alruwais et al., 2018\u061b Tatira &amp; Kariyana, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 (Gikandi et al., 2011). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Dogan et al., 2020)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Akimov &amp; Malin, 2020). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 (Gikandi et al., 2011).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a (McCabe et al., 2001). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 (Dogan et al., 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 (Sewagegn, 2020). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a (Jaiswal, 2019)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Genon &amp; Torres, 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a&#8221; (Messick, 1989)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 (Dogan et al., 2020). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634 (Jalilzadeh et al., 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a (\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2026). \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 Dogan et al., 2020)).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0627-\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo et al., 2020) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0631 (Hale &amp; Ifenthaler, 2023) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (2026) \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Credibility)<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0644\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Dependability)<\/strong> \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Transferability)<\/strong> \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 (Thick Description) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Confirmability)<\/strong> \u062d\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627&#8221; \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a 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\u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645: &#8220;<em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629<\/em>&#8220;\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631: &#8220;<em>\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0628&#8221;<\/em>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0643\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. (2023). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 6(10)\u060c 133-161.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jamal, Samir Suleiman. (2023). E-learning in Palestinian universities and its impact on educational outcomes in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Research and Studies, 6(10), 133\u2013161.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. (2020\u060c 15 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631). \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 ISO 9001:2015. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 22\/4\/2026 \u0645\u0646<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.najah.edu\/ar\/about\/achiever\/mrkz-lt-lm-llktrwny-fy-jm-lnjh-yhsl-l-tjdyd-shhd-ljwd-l-lmy-iso-9001-2015\/\">https:\/\/www.najah.edu\/ar\/about\/achiever\/mrkz-lt-lm-llktrwny-fy-jm-lnjh-yhsl-l-tjdyd-shhd-ljwd-l-lmy-iso-9001-2015\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An-Najah National University. (2020, December 15). The E-Learning Center at An-Najah University obtains renewal of the ISO 9001:2015 international quality certificate. Retrieved on 22\/4\/2026 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najah.edu\/ar\/about\/achiever\/mrkz-lt-lm-llktrwny-fy-jm-lnjh-yhsl-l-tjdyd-shhd-ljwd-l-lmy-iso-9001-2015\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.najah.edu\/ar\/about\/achiever\/mrkz-lt-lm-llktrwny-fy-jm-lnjh-yhsl-l-tjdyd-shhd-ljwd-l-lmy-iso-9001-2015\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2023). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(23)\u060c 92-101.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Zahrani, Huda Abdullah Mohammed. (2023). Modern methods for evaluating learning outcomes in educational institutions: A theoretical discussion. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 7(23), 92\u2013101.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644. (2025). \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 4(2)\u060c 392-411. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59628\/jhs.v4i2.1430\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59628\/jhs.v4i2.1430<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Afouna, Saida Jasser, Al-Mabhouh, Ahmed Abdul Majeed, Al-Taaban, Muhannad Abdullah, Saleha, Yasser Abdul Rahman, &amp; Wahdan, Sabreen Wajih Jamil. (2025). The e-learning experience in the initiative to enable Gaza students to complete their university education as visiting students at An-Najah National University: Al-Aqsa University as a model. Sana\u2019a University Journal of Human Sciences, 4(2), 392\u2013411.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59628\/jhs.v4i2.1430<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644. (2026). \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a: \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 11(19)\u060c 275-296.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mabhouh, Ahmed Abdul Majeed, Afouna, Saida Jasser, Al-Taaban, Muhannad Abd Rabbo, Khalafallah, Mahmoud Ibrahim, Aql, Majdi Saeed, Safi, Faten Fareed, Wahba, Doaa Mohammed, &amp; Wahdan, Sabreen Wajih Jamil. (2026). Artificial intelligence practices in building digital educational content: Faculty members\u2019 orientations between concerns of academic threat and opportunities for development. Journal of the Palestinian Educators Association for Arts, Educational and Psychological Studies, 11(19), 275\u2013296.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2020). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mubayyed, Mohammed. (2020). E-learning in Arab contexts: Challenges and opportunities. Amman: Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Akimov, A., &amp; Malin, M. (2020). When old becomes new: a case study of oral examination as an online assessment tool. Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education, Accepted Manuscript (AM). DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02602938.2020.1730301\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02602938.2020.1730301<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alruwais, N., Wills, G., &amp; Wald, M. (2018). Advantages and Challenges of Using e-Assessment. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2018.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Barakat, S., Heleta, S., &amp; Cochrane, L. (2025). Analysis of two decades of aid flows to higher education in Palestine: Implications for rebuilding destroyed higher education in Gaza. <em>Higher Education<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-025-01414-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-025-01414-2<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Basilaia, G., &amp; Kvavadze, D. (2020). Transition to Online Education in Schools during a SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in Georgia. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), 1\u20139, em0060. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/pr\/7937\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/pr\/7937<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Boud, D., &amp; Falchikov, N. (2007). Aligning assessment with long-term learning. Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education, 31(4), 399\u2013413.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16613-_Hlk226816490\"><\/a> Dogan, N., K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131oglu Uysal, N., Kelecioglu, H., &amp; Hambleton, R. K. (2020). An overview of e-assessment. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 35 (Special Issue), 1\u20135. DOI: 10.16986\/HUJE.2020063669<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, Francisco J., Corell, Alfredo, Abella-Garc\u00eda, V\u00edctor, &amp; Grande, Miguel. (2020). La evaluaci\u00f3n online en la educaci\u00f3n superior en tiempos de la COVID-19. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, 26.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Genon, L. J. D., &amp; Torres, C. B. (2020). Constructive alignment of assessment practices in English language classrooms. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 3(3), 211\u2013228.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gikandi, J. W., Morrow, A., &amp; Davis, N. E. (2011). Online formative assessment in higher education: A review of the literature. Computers &amp; Education, 57, 2333\u20132351.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Guangul, F. M., Suhail, A. H., Khalit, M. I., &amp; Khidhir, B. A. (2020). Challenges of remote assessment in higher education in the context of COVID-19: A case study of Middle East College. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 32(4), 519\u2013535.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Heil, J., &amp; Ifenthaler, D. (2023). Online assessment in higher education: A systematic review. Online Learning, 27(1), 187\u2013218. DOI: 10.24059\/olj.v27i1.3398<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., &amp; Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review. <a href=\"https:\/\/er.educause.edu\/articles\/2020\/3\/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/er.educause.edu\/articles\/2020\/3\/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jaiswal, P. (2019). Using constructive alignment to foster teaching-learning processes. <em>English Language Teaching, 12<\/em>(6), 10\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/elt.v12n6p10<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jalilzadeh, K., Rashtchi, M., &amp; Mirzapour, F. (2024). Cheating in online assessment: a qualitative study on reasons and coping strategies focusing on EFL teachers\u2019 perceptions.\u00a0<em>Language Testing in Asia<\/em>,\u00a0<em>14<\/em>(1), 29.\u200f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kundu, A., &amp; Bej, T. (2021). Experiencing e-assessment during COVID-19: an analysis of Indian students\u2019 perception. Higher Education Evaluation and Development. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/HEED-03-2021-0032\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/HEED-03-2021-0032<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">McCabe, Donald L., Trevino, Linda K., &amp; Butterfield, Kenneth D. (2001). Cheating in academic institutions. Ethics &amp; Behavior, 11(3), 219\u2013232.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In R. Linn (Ed.), Educational measurement (pp. 13\u2013103). Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Niazi, A. (2025). Education is the foundation of individual growth and social progress. <em>Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities, 5<\/em>(4), 80\u201383. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55544\/ijrah.5.4.11\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55544\/ijrah.5.4.11<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Perkins, M. (2023). Academic Integrity considerations of AI Large Language Models in the post-pandemic era. Journal of University Teaching &amp; Learning Practice, 20(2).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sewagegn, A. A. (2020). Learning objective and assessment linkage. <em>Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8<\/em>(11), 5044\u20135052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13189\/ujer.2020.081109<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tatira, B., &amp; Kariyana, I. (2022). Defining formative electronic assessment in undergraduate mathematics. <em>International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21<\/em>(7), 24\u201339. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26803\/ijlter.21.7.2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26803\/ijlter.21.7.2<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16613","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16613","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16613"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16613\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16747,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16613\/revisions\/16747"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16613"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}