{"id":16609,"date":"2026-05-01T09:04:35","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T09:04:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/7-5-35\/"},"modified":"2026-05-02T20:22:03","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T20:22:03","slug":"7-5-35","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-35\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 35"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0643\u0631<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0634\u0642\u0631<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0637\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: s12570839@stu.najah.edu    mis.ikhlas586@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Degree to Which Public Secondary School Teachers Employ Digital Collaborative Learning Tools from the Perspective of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Palestine<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Abeer Mohammed Abdul Latif Sukkar\u00b9, Afnan Mahmoud Awad Ashqar\u00b9, Ikhlas Yousef Mohammed Hussein\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> s12570839@stu.najah.edu; mis.ikhlas586@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/35' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/35<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/35' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/35<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 645 - 673<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-35.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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M. A., Ashqar A. M. A., Hussein I. Y. M.. (2026). The Degree to Which Public Secondary School Teachers Employ Digital Collaborative Learning Tools from the Perspective of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Palestine. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Sukkar Abeer Mohammed Abdul Latif, Ashqar Afnan Mahmoud Awad, Hussein Ikhlas Yousef Mohammed. 2026. \\&quot;The Degree to Which Public Secondary School Teachers Employ Digital Collaborative Learning Tools from the Perspective of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Palestine.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Sukkar A. M. A., Ashqar A. M. A., Hussein I. Y. M.. 2026. The Degree to Which Public Secondary School Teachers Employ Digital Collaborative Learning Tools from the Perspective of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Palestine. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-35\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Sukkar A. M. A., Ashqar A. M. A., Hussein I. Y. M.. The Degree to Which Public Secondary School Teachers Employ Digital Collaborative Learning Tools from the Perspective of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Palestine. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/35&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Sukkar A. M. A., Ashqar A. M. A., Hussein I. Y. M., \\&quot;The Degree to Which Public Secondary School Teachers Employ Digital Collaborative Learning Tools from the Perspective of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Palestine,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/35&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Sukkar Abeer Mohammed Abdul Latif, Ashqar Afnan Mahmoud Awad, Hussein Ikhlas Yousef Mohammed. \\&quot;The Degree to Which Public Secondary School Teachers Employ Digital Collaborative Learning Tools from the Perspective of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Palestine.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/35&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0639. \u0645. \u0639\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0642\u0631 \u0623. \u0645. \u0639\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627. \u064a. \u0645. 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<button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; 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\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (200) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a 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\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to identify the degree to which public secondary school teachers employ digital collaborative learning tools from the perspective of teachers in public secondary schools in Tulkarm Governorate, Palestine. It also sought to identify the most commonly used digital tools in collaborative learning, the obstacles that limit the effectiveness of their use, and the significance of differences in the degree of employment according to the variables of gender, years of experience, academic qualification, and participation in training courses in educational technology. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method and used a questionnaire as the data collection instrument. In its final form, the questionnaire consisted of 30 items distributed across three domains and was administered to a random sample of 200 male and female teachers from public secondary schools in Tulkarm Governorate. The results showed that the degree of employing digital collaborative learning tools was high, with a mean score of 3.91 and a percentage of 78.2%. The level of using digital collaborative learning tools was also high, with a mean score of 3.81 and a percentage of 76.3%. The results further indicated that the obstacles facing the employment of digital collaborative learning were high, most notably the lack of appropriate digital devices, weak internet connectivity, and the need for further training as well as technical and administrative support. The findings also revealed statistically significant differences between the actual mean of the sample responses and the hypothetical mean in favor of the actual mean, while no statistically significant differences were found due to gender, years of experience, or academic qualification. In light of these results, the study recommended strengthening the technical infrastructure in schools, providing continuous training programs for teachers, and developing technical and administrative support to enhance the effective employment of digital collaborative learning tools in the educational process.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> digital collaborative learning, digital tools, secondary school teachers, public education, Palestine.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629)\u061f<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16609-_Toc223780634\"><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) <\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16609-_Toc223780635\"><\/a> \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 :-<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a 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id=\"post-16609-_Toc223780639\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a (\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627):<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 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\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (Jalop &amp; Paglinawan, 2025) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 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justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Hemmingsson &amp; Ramberg (2026)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631 (2026)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Dahri \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (2025)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Rahman &amp; Hamid (2025)\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (2024)\u060c Pozzi \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (2023)\u060c Casta\u00f1o Mu\u00f1oz \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (2023)\u060c Kaimara \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (2022)\u060c Ramli (2022)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (2022) .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 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(\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645)<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644: \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (200) \u0645\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 (1053) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2025. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1) \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>113<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>56.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0649<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>43.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 (200) \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 (113) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (56.5%)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b (87) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (43.5%).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2) \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>17.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>103<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>51.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (103) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (51.5%)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (31%)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (17.5%).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (3) \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>34<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>6 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 (6 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (36%)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0644) \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (34%)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 (10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631) (30%).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (4) \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>137<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>68.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>63<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>31.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (68.5%) \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (137) \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 (31.5%) \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064e\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u064e\u062a \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u061b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (30) \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a (Face Validity)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 (10) \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 (1)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 (2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 (Construct Validity)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Pearson Correlation) \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (5).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (5): \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.638**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.620**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.658**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.636**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.699**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.717**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.782**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.769**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.744**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.756**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.769**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.738**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.681**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.732**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.778**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.688**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.729**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>26<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.763**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.657**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.764**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.752**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.667**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.744**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.729**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.669**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.685**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.730**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.739**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.700**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>.669**<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">** \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 (r) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 0.01<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (5)\u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 (0.01)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (0.620) \u0648(0.782). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 (Content Validity)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0640 (50) \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 Cronbach\u2019s Alpha\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (6) \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.862<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.919<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.868<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>30<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.894<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (6) \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 (0.862) \u0648(0.919)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 (0.894). \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 (0.60) \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 (Nunnally, 1978)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (SPSS)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u062a) \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 (One Sample T-test) \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u062a) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 (Independent Sample T-test) \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (One-Way ANOVA) \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 LSD \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a (1\u060c2\u060c3\u060c4\u060c5) \u060c (1=\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5=\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a (4) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (3) \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 (1.33) \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; (1 \u2013 2.33) \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; (2.34\u2013 3.67) \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; (3.68\u2013 5.00) \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 5 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628 100.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064e\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644: &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u061f&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (7) \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>81.2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.99<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>80.0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.92<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>78.4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.90<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>78.0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.8%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.91<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>78.2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.83<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.98<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>79.6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>77.0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3.91<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>0.75<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>78.2%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 78.2% \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f 3.91. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 81.2%\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 80.0%.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 79.6%. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 76.0%\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (0.75) \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <strong>(Dahri et al.,2025)<\/strong> \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <strong>(Ramli,2022)<\/strong>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <strong>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631 (2026)<\/strong> \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <strong>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 (2023)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(8) \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>80.6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>75.6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>75.4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.71<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>74.2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>75.4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>75.2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>75.2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.82<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>77.2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>77.6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3.81<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>0.83<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>76.3%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (8) \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 (3.81) \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 (76.3%)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a (0.83).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (11) &#8220;\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 (4.03) \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (80.6%)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (20) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (3.88) \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (77.6%)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 19) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 18) \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (77.2%) \u0648 (76.4%) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 12\u060c 15\u060c 16\u060c 17) \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (75.2% \u0648 75.6%)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627:<\/strong> \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (14) &#8220;\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (74.2%) \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (3.71)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (<strong>Casta\u00f1o Mu\u00f1oz et al.,2023)<\/strong> \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <strong>(Pozzi et al.,2023)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> (Blau et al.,2020)<\/strong> \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <strong>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 (2023)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (9) \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.97<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>84.0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.8%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>77.6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.93<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.07<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>78.6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>26<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062c\u062f \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>74.4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.82<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>77.2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.97<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>79.4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3.91<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>0.75<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>78.2%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (9) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629) \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u063a (3.91) \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (78.2%)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (21) &#8220;\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a (4.20) \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 (84.0%). \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 22) \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (76.8%).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221; (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 30) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (3.97) \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (79.4%)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 24) \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (78.6%).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 23) \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (77.6%)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 29) \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (77.2%).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627:<\/strong> \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633&#8221; (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 27) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (74.4%).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 (2023) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629Blau et al.,2020) ) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Dahri et al.,2025<strong>)<\/strong> \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(Pozzi et al.,2023) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. <strong>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <\/strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f = 3).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 ((One Sample test \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 3 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (10) \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 . One-Sample Test\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"3\">\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"6\">\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 =3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">\n<p>95% \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p>\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>3.9096<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>0.75358<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>17.07<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>199<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>0.000<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>0.9096<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>0.8045<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p>1.0147<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 (3.9096) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (0.753). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u062a&#8221; \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (17.07) \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (0.000).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f = 3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Ramli,2022) \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Dahri et al.,2025) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631 (2026) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 (2023) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627.<strong> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <\/strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(11): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u062a&#8221; \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u062a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>113<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.8921<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.73743<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>-0.373<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>198<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.71<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.9323<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.77777<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u062a&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 (Independent Sample T-test)\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(11): \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Sig = 0.71)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 0.05. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a 3.89 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 3.93 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Rahman &amp; Hamid, 2025) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Kaimara et al.,2022) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Blau et al.,2020) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Suci ,2022) ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <\/strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (12) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (ANOVA) \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 (df)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 F<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Sig.)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.898<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.449<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.789<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.456<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>112.111<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>197<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.569<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>113.009<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>199<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f(ANOVA) \u060c \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(12): \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Sig = 0.456)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 0.05.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Casta\u00f1o Mu\u00f1oz et al.,2023) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Alfakihuddin et al., 2024) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Hemmingsson &amp; Ramberg ,2026) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(Rahman &amp; Hamid ,2025) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <\/strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (13) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (ANOVA) \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 (df)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 F<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Sig.)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.568<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.284<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.497<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.609<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>112.442<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>197<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.571<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>113.009<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>199<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f(ANOVA) \u060c \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(13): \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Sig = 0.609)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 0.05.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Alfakihuddin et al.,2024) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Suci ,2022) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Hu ,2022) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Kaimara et al., 2022) ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 <\/strong>(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05)<strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(14): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u062a&#8221; \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u062a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>137<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.9148<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.72884<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.144<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>198<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.885<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0644\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>63<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.8982<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.81075<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u062a&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 (Independent Sample T-test)\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(14): \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Sig = 0.885)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 0.05. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a 3.91 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 3.89 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Fisher et al.,2022) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Resta &amp; Laferri\u00e8re,2020) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631 (2026) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Abu Najee et al.,2024) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a 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\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 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\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2022). <strong>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong>. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 28(4)\u060c 329\u2013420.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim, Mohamed. (2022). <strong>The effect of varying cooperative learning strategies: Learning Together and Jigsaw, in a virtual world environment on developing e-learning environment design skills among student teachers<\/strong>. Educational and Social Studies, 28(4), 329\u2013420.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0629. (2026). <strong>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(2)\u060c 1\u201320.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Srihan, Basma. (2026). <strong>Transformations in teachers\u2019 practices in hybrid classrooms in the post-digital transformation stage<\/strong>. International Journal for Publishing Scientific Studies, 7(2), 1\u201320.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a. (2023). <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0645: \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Mohsen, Sari. (2023). <strong>The reality of digital education in upper basic public schools in the Directorate of Education of Ramallah and Al-Bireh from the perspectives of supervisors, principals, and teachers, and the obstacles they face: A proposed vision for its management<\/strong>. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, Arab American University, Palestine.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a. (2024). <strong>\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c 40(2.2)\u060c 134\u2013167.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abu Naji, Mahmoud, Al-Bitar, Hamdi, &amp; Ahmed, Tohamy. (2024). <strong>An interactive electronic environment based on technology acceptance to develop digital transformation skills among educational technology specialists<\/strong>. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 40(2.2), 134\u2013167.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0641\u062a. (2025). <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c (45)\u060c 422\u2013442.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Babaer, Mervat. (2025). <strong>Quality standards of e-learning in educational institutions<\/strong>. Journal of Educational Sciences and Human Studies, (45), 422\u2013442.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a. (2025). <strong>\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/strong>. \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pcbs.gov.ps\" target=\"_new\">www.pcbs.gov.ps<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. (2025). <strong>Education statistics in Palestine<\/strong>. Ramallah, Palestine. Retrieved from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pcbs.gov.ps\" target=\"_new\">www.pcbs.gov.ps<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2023). <strong>\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 2030<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c 5(4)\u060c 149\u2013184.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Huwail, Hassan, Mansour, Marian, &amp; Morsi, Mohamed. (2023). <strong>An electronic learning environment for developing some digital transformation skills among educational technology specialists in light of Egypt Vision 2030<\/strong>. Educational Journal of Adult Education, 5(4), 149\u2013184.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0622\u064a\u0629. (2025). <strong>\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644: \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>. \u0641\u064a: \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Khatali, Mukhtar, &amp; Al-Sadiq, Aya. (2025). <strong>Students\u2019 readiness for learning in the era of the effective digital twin: Sustainable digital education<\/strong>. In Transformations of education and scientific research in the era of modern technologies: A sustainable academic future. European Academy of Sciences and Development.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629. (2020). <strong>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 14(2)\u060c 206\u2013228.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ruhaili, Taghreed, &amp; Al-Omari, Aisha. (2020). <strong>The effectiveness of using some electronic support applications in developing digital empowerment among public education female teachers in light of instructional design quality standards<\/strong>. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 14(2), 206\u2013228.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0649. (2026). <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645: \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(1)\u060c 706\u2013724.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ababseh, Nawal, &amp; Warwar, Ruba. (2026). <strong>The reality of preparing teachers to use educational technology during times of crisis in public preparatory schools from their perspective: Nazareth District<\/strong>. Journal of Human and Natural Sciences, 7(1), 706\u2013724.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0649. (2023). <strong>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c 39(2)\u060c 1\u201365.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel Hakim, Mona. (2023). <strong>The effectiveness of a training program using the cooperative \u201cLearning Together\u201d strategy to acquire educational digital storytelling skills among basic education students at the Faculty of Education, Assiut University<\/strong>. Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 39(2), 1\u201365.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. (2023). <strong>\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c 39(10)\u060c 367\u2013386.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Qazman, Dalia, Abdel-Moati, Ahmed, &amp; Hamdi, Thabet. (2023). <strong>Activating the role of school leadership in general secondary education in Egypt to meet the requirements of digital transformation<\/strong>. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 39(10), 367\u2013386.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631. (2024). <strong>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/strong>. \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Makhzoom, Fiolar. (2024). <strong>Leading digital transformation in classrooms: The role of the teacher in the age of technology<\/strong>. Berlin: Arab Democratic Center for Strategic, Political, and Economic Studies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2021). <strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong>. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mousa, Ahmed. (2021). <strong>The degree of using modern teaching strategies in distance learning among basic-stage teachers in private schools in the capital Amman<\/strong>. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">AlAjmi, M. K. (2022). The impact of digital leadership on teachers\u2019 technology integration during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait. <em>Education and Information Technologies, 27<\/em>(5), 7063\u20137085.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alfakihuddin, M. L. B., Suryani, N., &amp; Wibowo, A. (2024). Interactive and collaborative online teaching with artificial intelligence and Nearpod. <em>Journal of Computer Science and Software Engineering, 4<\/em>(1), 1\u201310.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Blau, I., Shamir\u2010Inbal, T., &amp; Hadad, S. (2020). Digital collaborative learning in elementary and middle schools as a function of individualistic and collectivistic culture: The role of ICT coordinators&#8217; leadership experience, students&#8217; collaboration skills, and sustainability.\u00a0<em>Journal of computer assisted learning<\/em>,\u00a0<em>36<\/em>(5), 672-687.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Casta\u00f1o Mu\u00f1oz, J., Vuorikari, R., Costa, P., Hippe, R., &amp; Kampylis, P. (2023). Teacher collaboration and students\u2019 digital competence-evidence from the SELFIE tool.\u00a0<em>European Journal of Teacher Education<\/em>,\u00a0<em>46<\/em>(3), 476-497.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Colomer, J., Serra, T., Ca\u00f1abate, D., &amp; Bubnys, R. (2025). Collaborative learning, cooperative learning, and reflective learning to foster sustainable development: A scoping review. <em>Sustainability, 17<\/em>(2), 1\u201317.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Corporan, R. A., Nagata, J. J., Garc\u00eda, A. M., &amp; Mart\u00edn, A. H. (2020). Perception of teachers on collaborative tools knowledge level mediated by ICT and their experience with students.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)<\/em>,\u00a0<em>15<\/em>(11), 137-161.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dahri, N. A., Yahaya, N., &amp; Vighio, M. S. (2025). Transforming teacher education through collaborative digital innovations: An empirical study of teachers&#8217; perceptions and experiences.\u00a0<em>Education and Information Technologies<\/em>,\u00a0<em>30<\/em>(14), 20697-20733.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fisher, T., Higgins, C., &amp; Loveless, A. (2022). <em>Teachers learning with digital technologies: A review of research and projects<\/em>. National Foundation for Educational Research.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hrytsenchuk, O. (2025). Digital management and digital leadership for the development of education. In <em>Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Education<\/em> (pp. 85\u201392).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hu, X. (2022). The effects of different patterns of group collaborative learning in artificial intelligence courses on students\u2019 learning outcomes. <em>Sustainability, 14<\/em>(19), 12674.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jalop, A. J. B., &amp; Paglinawan, J. L. (2025). The role of collaborative learning environments to the digital pedagogies of experienced teachers.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science<\/em>,\u00a0<em>9<\/em>(04), 6991-7008.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kaimara, P., Fokides, E., Oikonomou, A., &amp; Deliyannis, I. (2022). Pre-service teachers\u2019 views about the use of digital educational games for collaborative learning.\u00a0<em>Education and Information Technologies<\/em>,\u00a0<em>27<\/em>(4), 5397-5416.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pozzi, F., Manganello, F., &amp; Persico, D. (2023). Collaborative learning: A design challenge for teachers.\u00a0<em>Education Sciences<\/em>,\u00a0<em>13<\/em>(4), 331.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rahman, S. A., &amp; Hamid, A. H. (2025). Digital leadership practices of principals and teachers\u2019 self-efficacy in secondary schools. <em>International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15<\/em>(1), 1023\u20131038.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ramberg, J., &amp; Hemmingsson, H. (2026). School leadership and the association with teachers\u2019 digital competence: Evidence from secondary schools. <em>Education and Information Technologies, 31<\/em>(1), 1\u201318.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ramli, R. (2022). Technology-based collaborative learning to enhance students\u2019 learning outcomes. <em>Jurnal Klasikal, 4<\/em>(2), 45\u201353.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Resta, P., &amp; Laferri\u00e8re, T. (2020). Technology in support of collaborative learning. <em>Educational Psychology Review, 32<\/em>(2), 1\u201317.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Suci, W. (2022). The use of social media for collaborative learning in online education. <em>Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 14<\/em>(2), 1523\u20131532.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0645 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16609","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16609","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16609"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16609\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16743,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16609\/revisions\/16743"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}