{"id":16604,"date":"2026-05-01T08:48:35","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T08:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=16604"},"modified":"2026-05-02T20:19:01","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T20:19:01","slug":"7-5-34","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-34\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0647\u0640\/ 1919\u0645<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: manal.alosaimi947@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Jacob&#039;s mission to Yemen in 1337 AH \/ 1919 AD<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Manal Mater Al-Osaimi\u00b9<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> manal.alosaimi947@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/34' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/34<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/34' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/34<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 624 - 644<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-34.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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M.. (2026). Jacob&#039;s mission to Yemen in 1337 AH \\\/ 1919 AD. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Al-Osaimi Manal Mater. 2026. \\&quot;Jacob&#039;s mission to Yemen in 1337 AH \\\/ 1919 AD.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Osaimi M. M.. 2026. Jacob&#039;s mission to Yemen in 1337 AH \\\/ 1919 AD. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-34\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Osaimi M. M.. Jacob&#039;s mission to Yemen in 1337 AH \\\/ 1919 AD. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Osaimi M. M., \\&quot;Jacob&#039;s mission to Yemen in 1337 AH \\\/ 1919 AD,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Al-Osaimi Manal Mater. \\&quot;Jacob&#039;s mission to Yemen in 1337 AH \\\/ 1919 AD.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645. \u0645. (2026). \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0647\u0640\\\/ 1919\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0637\u0631. 2026. \u00ab\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0647\u0640\\\/ 1919\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645. \u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0647\u0640\\\/ 1919\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-05-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-05-21]. 7(5). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-34\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645. \u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0647\u0640\\\/ 1919\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-05-01\u061b 7(5). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645. \u0645. \u00ab\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0647\u0640\\\/ 1919\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 5\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u00ab\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0647\u0640\\\/ 1919\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 5\u060c 2026-05-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/34&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' 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\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.\r\n<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> The research discusses Harold Jacob's mission to Yemen in 1337 AH \/ 1919 AD in the context of the transformations that followed World War I and the collapse of Ottoman rule, aiming to analyze its British motives, reconnaissance objectives, circumstances of its detention, and its outcomes within the framework of the competition for influence in southern Arabia. The study presented the political situation in Yemen prior to the war, clarifying the British\u2013Ottoman rivalry and Yemen's strategic importance in protecting navigation routes to India, as well as the role of the southern protectorates and the 1333 AH \/ 1914 AD treaty in defining spheres of influence. It also addressed the rise of Imam Yahya bin Hamid al-Din and the consolidation of his authority after the Daan Treaty (1329 AH \/ 1911 AD), then his declaration of Yemen's independence in 1337 AH \/ 1918 AD following the withdrawal of the Ottomans.\r\nThe research focused on Jacob's mission as the first official British move to communicate with Imam Yahya after independence, explaining that its aim was not so much to sign a treaty as to scout the Imam's stance and assess the balance of power, especially with the British presence in Al Hudaydah. The mission was arrested by the Al-Qahri tribe in Tihamah and remained in captivity for about four months before being released without reaching Sana'a.\r\nThe study concluded that the mission's failure to reach the Imam did not mean its total failure, as it provided Britain with important information about the internal situation and the tribal structure. However, its political effects contributed to tensions in relations with the Imam and paved the way for a more rigid British policy, represented in supporting his opponents and handing over Al-Hudaydah to the Al-Idrisi in 1339 AH \/ 1921 AD, which led to the escalation of conflict in the protectorate areas. Thus, the mission constituted an influential point in shaping the nature of the relationship between Yemen and Britain after the war.\r\n<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Jacob\u2019s Mission, Yemen, Imam Yahya, British Influence, Al-Hudaydah.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 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justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628&#8221; \u0643\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062a 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id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-3\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>(3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804711\"><\/a><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 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\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-5\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>(5).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1333-1337\u0647\/ 1914-1918\u0645) \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-6\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>(1) \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0632\u062d\u0632\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-7\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>(2) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-8\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>(3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804712\"><\/a><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 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id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-17\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>(3)<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804713\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u06451256\u0647\u0640\/ 1840\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 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id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-26\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>(5) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-27\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>(6)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 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150\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-58\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup>(12)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062a<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-59\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup>(13)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646: \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-60\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup>(1) &#8220;\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-61\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>(2) Sir Edward Grey \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1333\u0647\u0640\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1914\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-62\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup>(3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-63\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup>(4) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1329\u0647\u0640\/ 1911\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1329\u0647\u0640\/1911\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627: \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1930\u0647\u0640\/1912\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0647\u0645\u0627: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-64\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup>(5).<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804717\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (1322-1329\u0647\u0640\/1904-1911\u0645):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-67\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>(8).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1322\u0647\u0640\/ 1905\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-68\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup>(1)\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-69\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup>(2)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0634\u062f<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-70\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup>(3) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-71\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup>(4)\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-72\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup>(5) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064f\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0644\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-73\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>(6) \u0639\u0627\u06451329\u0647\u0640\/ 1911\u0645<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-74\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup>(7). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0647\u0640\/1918\u0645<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-75\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>(8).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-76\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>(9).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804718\"><\/a><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1333-1337\u0647\/ 1914-1918\u0645):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1333\u0647\u0640\/ 1914\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u063a\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-77\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup>(10)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u061b \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-78\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup>(11)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062e\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-79\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>(12).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-80\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup>(1)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-81\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup>(2) Mudros \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1336\u0647\u0640\/1918\u0645<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-82\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup>(3)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a 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\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1919\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-119\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-119\">[119]<\/a><\/sup>(6).<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804720\"><\/a><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804721\"><\/a><strong>1-\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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href=\"#post-16604-footnote-122\">[122]<\/a><\/sup>(9) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-123\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-123\">[123]<\/a><\/sup>(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804722\"><\/a><strong>2- \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 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href=\"#post-16604-footnote-142\">[142]<\/a><\/sup>(5)\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u0637\u0628\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-143\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-143\">[143]<\/a><\/sup>(6).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<sup><a id=\"post-16604-footnote-ref-144\" href=\"#post-16604-footnote-144\">[144]<\/a><\/sup>(7).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631: \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2-\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f: \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4-\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629: \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628&#8221; \u0643\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1-\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642: \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2- \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629: \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4-\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16604-_Toc221804725\"><\/a><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a. (1996\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 1916\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Safwat, Najdat Fathi. (1996). Arabia in British Documents: Najd and Hijaz, 1916, seven volumes. Beirut: Dar Al-Saqi.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1939\u0645). \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Arshi, Hussein ibn Ahmad. (1939). Bulugh al-Maram fi Sharh Misk al-Khitam fi Man Tawalla Mulk al-Yaman Malikan wa Imaman. Beirut: Dar Al-Nadwa Al-Jadida.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649. (1998\u0645). \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Yamani, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Yahya. (1998). Nayl Watar min Tarajim Rijal al-Yaman fi al-Qarn al-Thalith Ashar. Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641. (1983\u0645). \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jacob, Harold F. (1983). Kings of Arabia, translated by Ahmed Al-Madwahi. Beirut: Dar Al-Awda.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646. (2007\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 1918\u20131962\u0645. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ward, Dawlah Saleh Ali Hassan. (2007). The Foreign Relations of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, 1918\u20131962. Master\u2019s thesis, Sana\u2019a University.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. (1979\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 1872\u20131918\u0645. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abaza, Farouk Osman. (1979). Ottoman Rule in Yemen, 1872\u20131918. Beirut: Dar Al-Awda.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. (1987\u0645). \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 1839\u20131918\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abaza, Farouk Osman. (1987). Aden and British Policy in the Red Sea, 1839\u20131918. Cairo: Egyptian General Book Authority.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646: \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a 1839\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 1967\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u060c \u062c3. \u062c\u062f\u0629: \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Bar, Muhammad Ali. (n.d.). Aden, the Pearl of Yemen: Aden in the Modern Era from the British Occupation in 1839 to Independence in 1967 and Its Consequences, Vol. 3. Jeddah: Kunooz Al-Ma\u2019rifah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f. (2005\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f 1948\u20131962\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bin Daghr, Ahmed Obaid. (2005). Yemen under the Rule of Imam Ahmad, 1948\u20131962. Cairo: Madbouly Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u063a\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646. (2004\u0645). \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jaris, Ghaithan bin Ali bin. (2004). Studies in the Political and Civilizational History of Hijaz during the Islamic Era from the First to the Tenth Hijri Century \/ Seventh to Sixteenth Century AD. Makkah: Publications of Makkah Cultural and Literary Club.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1998\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1914\u20131918\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hassan, Ibrahim Muhammad. (1998). The Red Sea in World War I, 1914\u20131918. Cairo: Ain for Human and Social Studies and Research.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b. (2012\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dar Al-Fikr Research Office. (2012). The Comprehensive Scientific Encyclopedia: Peoples, Ethnicities, Systems, and Laws. Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing, and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a. (1983\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 1286\u20131326\u0647\u0640 \/ 1869\u20131908\u0645. \u062c\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Radwan, Nabil Abdel-Hay. (1983). The Ottoman Empire and Western Arabia after the Opening of the Suez Canal, 1286\u20131326 AH \/ 1869\u20131908 AD. Jeddah: Tihama Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649. (1993\u0645). \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 1904\u20131948\u0645\u060c \u06374. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Salem, Sayyid Mustafa. (1993). The Formation of Modern Yemen: Yemen and Imam Yahya, 1904\u20131948, 4th ed. Cairo: Dar Al-Amin for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646. (2023\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639 1872\u20131905\u0645. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Salmi, Mahmoud Ali Mohsen. (2023). The British-Ottoman Border Conflict in South Yemen: The Nine Districts, 1872\u20131905. Egypt: Dar Al-Wefaq Al-Haditha for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2011\u0645). \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 1322\u20131337\u0647\u0640 \/ 1904\u20131918\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shami, Fouad Abdulwahab Ali. (2011). The Relationship of the Ottomans with Imam Yahya in the Yemen Province, 1322\u20131337 AH \/ 1904\u20131918 AD. Yemen: Al-Ra\u2019id Center for Studies and Research.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0637\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1986\u0645). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tarabin, Ahmed. (1986). The History of the Contemporary Arab East. Damascus: Al-Matba\u2019a Al-Jadida.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (2000\u0645). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u06376. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel Rahim, Abdel Rahim Abdel Rahman. (2000). Modern and Contemporary Arab History, 6th ed. Cairo: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jami\u2019i.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628. (2009\u0645). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Aqab, Abdulwahab. (2009). The History of Contemporary Yemen. Damascus: Dar wa Mu\u2019assasat Raslan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1997\u0645). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 922\u20131336\u0647\u0640 \/ 1516\u20131918\u0645: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Omari, Hussein Abdullah. (1997). The Modern and Contemporary History of Yemen, 922\u20131336 AH \/ 1516\u20131918 AD: From Al-Mutawakkil Ismail to Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Hamid al-Din. Damascus: Dar Al-Fikr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627. (1985\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Qasim, Gamal Zakaria. (1985). The Arabian Gulf: The Era of the First European Expansion. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0631. (2015\u0645). \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 923\u0647\u0640 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1344\u0647\u0640 \/ 1517 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1926\u0645. \u062c\u062f\u0629: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mansi, Abdullah Siraj Omar. (2015). Jeddah in Modern History from 923 AH to 1344 AH \/ 1517 to 1926 AD. Jeddah: University of Business and Technology.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0634\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1991\u0645). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0625\u0631\u0628\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Nator, Shehadeh; Baydoun, Jamil; and Okasha, Ali. (1991). Modern Arab History. Irbid: Dar Al-Amal for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062f. (1961\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nofal, Sayyid. (1961). The Political Conditions of the Emirates of the Arabian Gulf and Southern Arabia. Cairo: Dar Al-Ma\u2019rifah.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1997\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yaghi, Ismail Ahmed. (1997). The Arab World in Modern History. Riyadh: Obeikan Library.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a. (1990\u0645). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 1917\u20131982\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Group of Soviet Authors. (1990). The History of Contemporary Yemen, 1917\u20131982, translated by Muhammad Ali Al-Bahr. Egypt: Madbouly Library.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. (2008\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jaidi, Abdullah Saeed; and Al-Yazidi, Thabit Saleh. (2008). Relations between the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and Britain after World War I until 1925. Al-Adab: A Refereed Scientific Journal Issued by the Faculty of Arts, Thamar University, Issue 4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646. (1980\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 6\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 21.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Khatrash, Fotouh Abdul Mohsen. (1980). Yemeni-British relations during the reign of Imam Yahya bin Hamid al-Din. Journal of Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies, Kuwait University, Year 6, Issue 21.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a. (2010\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1814\u20131840\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c 9(4).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Saeed, Hind Fakhri. (2010). The Egyptian presence in the Yemen Province and its impact on British policy, 1814\u20131840. Journal of Research of the College of Basic Education, University of Mosul, 9(4).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641. (1998\u0645). \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 1798\u20131916\u0645: \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Seno, Abdul Raouf. (1998). Britain\u2019s agreements and treaties with the Arab Gulf emirates, 1798\u20131916: Chapters of domination and fragmentation. Journal of Arab and World History. Beirut.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646. (2007\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 35(3\u20134).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shatiwi, Widad Khudair; and Al-Imara, Ibrahim Finjan. (2007). British-Italian competition over Yemen until World War II. Arabian Gulf Journal, 35(3\u20134).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2006\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1914\u20131918\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 6\u20137\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sharkas, Muhammad. (2006). The British-Ottoman conflict in the Red Sea islands and southwestern Arabia during World War I, 1914\u20131918. Journal of the Faculty of Education in Ismailia, Issues 6\u20137, Egypt.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0647\u062f. (2012\u0645). \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646: \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1324\u20131341\u0647\u0640 \/ 1906\u20131924\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 28(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdel Karim, Nahed. (2012). Mahmoud Nedim Pasha, the Syrian Ottoman governor in Yemen: His activities between 1324\u20131341 AH \/ 1906\u20131924 AD. Damascus University Journal, 28(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0627. (2020\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 1948\u20131962\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632: \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 28(14).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Abdali, Hani Zamil Muhanna. (2020). British-Yemeni relations during the reign of Imam Ahmad bin Yahya Hamid al-Din, 1948\u20131962. King Abdulaziz University Journal: Arts and Humanities, 28(14).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1950\u0645). \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 3(1)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Madi, Muhammad Abdullah. (1950). The Zaydi State of Yemen: Its origins, development, and relations. The Egyptian Historical Journal, 3(1), Cairo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0647. (1985\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c 10(4).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mahmoud, Jad Taha. (1985). Pan-Islamism and British colonialism in southern Arabia in light of British documents. Al-Darah, 10(4).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2023\u0645). \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 26 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631. \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.26sep.net\/index.php\/newspaper\/26reports\/63717-2023-09-10-18-50-04\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.26sep.net\/index.php\/newspaper\/26reports\/63717-2023-09-10-18-50-04<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Shara\u2019i, Ali. (2023). The policy and plans of the occupier in the south of the homeland between yesterday and today. 26 September Newspaper. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.26sep.net\/index.php\/newspaper\/26reports\/63717-2023-09-10-18-50-04\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.26sep.net\/index.php\/newspaper\/26reports\/63717-2023-09-10-18-50-04<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\/ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 904\u0647\/ 1498\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (923\u0647\u0640 \/ 1517\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1914-1918\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: -\u060c6-7\u060c (\u0645\u0635\u0631: 2006\u0645)\u060c 45. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 923\u0647\u0640 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1344\u0647\u0640\/ 1517 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1926\u0645\u060c (\u062c\u062f\u0629: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c 2015\u0645)\u060c 79. \u063a\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a (\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c 2004\u0645)\u060c 318. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 1872-1918\u0645\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c 1979\u0645)\u060c 16-17. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 1948-1962\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632: \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f: 28\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 14\u060c (2020\u0645)\u060c 187-188. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0641. \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c 1983\u0645)\u060c 9. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 9. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a: \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 1939\u0645)\u060c 110-111. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a 1286\u0647\u0640\/ 1869\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1308\u0647\u0640\/ 1809\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 1904-1948\u0645&#8221;\u060c \u06374\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 1993\u0645)\u060c 65-66. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 9. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c 1997\u0645)\u060c 233. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 1986\u0645)\u060c 528. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1814-1840\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f: 9\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 4\u060c (2010\u0645)\u060c 364. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627: \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1769\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1799\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (1788-1807\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1805 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1849\u0645. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0634\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c (\u0625\u0631\u0628\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c1991\u0645) \u060c90. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0632: \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c1961\u0645)\u060c 56. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(9) \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646: \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 364. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2)\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (1798-1916\u0645) \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c (1998\u0645)\u060c 19. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3)\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 1872-1918\u0645\u060c42. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f: 10\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 4\u060c (1985\u0645)\u060c 129. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 (1286-1326\u0647\u0640 \/ 1869 \u2013 1908\u0645)\u060c (\u062c\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c 1983\u0645)\u060c 50. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f :35\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 3- 4 (2007\u0645)\u060c 47. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 1872-1918\u0645\u060c 81. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u062b\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0637\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 510-511. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0654\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0640\u0640\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0647\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0643 \u0628\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0640\u0640\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0628\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0640\u0640\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0640\u0640\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0649 \u064a\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0640\u0640\u064a(898-911\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0643. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u0640\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0640\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f: 3\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 1\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: 1950\u0645)\u060c 15-35. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 1872-1918\u0645\u060c 82. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 65-66. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 32. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 1839-1918\u0645\u060c (\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 1987\u0645)\u060c 402. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627: \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627(1253-1337\u0647\/1837-1919\u0645): \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1289\u0647\/1872\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1913\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 1322-1337\u0647\/ 1904-1918\u0645\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c 2011\u0645)\u060c 25. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 32. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 129. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 104. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u06376\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c 2000\u0645)\u060c 418. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 104. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639) 1872-1905\u0645\u060c (\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2023\u0645)\u060c70. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 131. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646: \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1284\u0647\/ 1868\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 &#8221; \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a 1839\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 1967\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u060c \u062c3\u060c (\u062c\u062f\u0629: \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u062a)\u060c167. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 134. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(9) \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 116. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-39\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(10) \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0632\u064a: \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-40\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 116-122. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-41\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 122. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-42\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 122. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-43\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 78. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-44\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c 340. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-45\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 153-154. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-45\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-46\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 26\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c (2023\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.26sep.net\/index.php\/newspaper\/26reports\/63717-2023-09-10-18-50-04\">https:\/\/www.26sep.net\/index.php\/newspaper\/26reports\/63717-2023-09-10-18-50-04<\/a> \u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644: 19\/9\/2024\u0645. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-46\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-47\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2012\u0645)\u060c 111. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-47\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-48\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-49\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 28. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-49\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-50\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 153-154. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-51\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 4\u060c (2008\u0645)\u060c 96. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-51\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-52\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c 346. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-52\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-53\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f 1948- 1962\u0645\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c 2005\u0645)\u060c 190. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-53\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-54\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 96. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-54\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-55\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(9) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 190. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-55\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-56\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(10) \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 1985\u0645)\u060c 392. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-56\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-57\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(11) \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1914-1918\u0645\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 1998\u0645)\u060c 141. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-57\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-58\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(12) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 190. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-58\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-59\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(13) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 13. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-59\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-60\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627: \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-60\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-61\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a: \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a 1905-1916\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0647 31 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627(1885-1916\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632) 1916\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f: 1\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c 1996\u0645)\u060c113. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-61\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-62\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 141. \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c 337-338. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-62\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-63\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0635\u0644\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0637\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 530.. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-63\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-64\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c 337-338. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-64\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-65\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 1918-1962\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c 2007\u0645\u060c 7. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-65\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-66\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 419. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-66\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-67\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 8. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-67\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-68\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631922-1336\u0647\/1516-1918\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1997\u0645)\u060c 167. \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 419. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-68\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-69\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 175. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-69\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-70\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u062d\u0627\u0634\u062f: \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 203. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-70\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-71\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 419-420. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-71\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-72\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629: \u0628\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 &#8220;\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633&#8221; \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 478\u0647\/1085\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1998\u0645)\u060c 92. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-72\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-73\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0635\u0644\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646: \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0637\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 530. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-73\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-74\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 418. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-74\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-75\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 15. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-75\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-76\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(9) \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 422. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-76\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-77\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(10) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 16. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-77\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-78\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(11) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 127. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-78\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-79\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(12) \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 -\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 21\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629: 6\u060c (1980\u0645)\u060c 127. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-79\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-80\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 199. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-80\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-81\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0646) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 1917 -1982\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c (\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c1990\u0645)\u060c 7. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-81\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-82\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 199. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-82\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-83\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 190. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-83\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-84\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 8. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-84\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-85\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0637\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 531. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-85\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-86\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 8. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-86\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-87\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 179. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-87\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-88\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(9) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 128. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-88\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-89\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(10) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 97. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 190. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-89\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-90\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(11) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 191. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-90\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-91\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(12) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 191. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-91\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-92\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(13) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 103. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-92\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-93\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(14) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 191. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-93\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-94\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 179. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-94\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-95\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2)\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644 60\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1918\u0645. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c 425-426. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-95\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-96\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 179. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-96\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-97\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 200. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-97\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-98\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 129. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-98\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-99\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6)\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 258. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-99\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-100\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 259. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-100\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-101\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 103. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-101\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-102\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0628\u0627\u062c\u0644: \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f 35 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 260. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-102\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-103\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0631\u0649: \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 12. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-103\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-104\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 262. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 103. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-104\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-105\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 191. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-105\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-106\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 260. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-106\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-107\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 263. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-107\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-108\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 260. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-108\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-109\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(9) \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c 2009\u0645)\u060c 39. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-109\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-110\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(10) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0643(1865-1940\u0645): \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0641 883 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 1911-1918\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940\u0645. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 89. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-110\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-111\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(11) \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062c\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 263. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-111\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-112\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(12) \u0646\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1324- 1341\u0647\u0640\/ 1906-1924\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f: 28\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f:1\u060c (2012\u0645)\u060c 314. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-112\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-113\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(13) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 104. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-113\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-114\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 12. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-114\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-115\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 104. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-115\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-116\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 191. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-116\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-117\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 201. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-117\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-118\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 104. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-118\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-119\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 191. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-119\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-120\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 105. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-120\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-121\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 265. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-121\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-122\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(9) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 105. \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 201. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-122\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-123\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 105. \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 201. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-123\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-124\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2)\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 105. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-124\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-125\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 270. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-125\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-126\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 202. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-126\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-127\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 17. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-127\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-128\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 10. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-128\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-129\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 270. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-129\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-130\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(8) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 202. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-130\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-131\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 202. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-131\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-132\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 107. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-132\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-133\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 270. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-133\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-134\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 270. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-134\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-135\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 190. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-135\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-136\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 107. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-136\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-137\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 190-191. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-137\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-138\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(1) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 108. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-138\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-139\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(2) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u064a: \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-139\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-140\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 109. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-140\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-141\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(4) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 13. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-141\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-142\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(5) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 109. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-142\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-143\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(6) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 13. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-143\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16604-footnote-144\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(7) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. <a href=\"#post-16604-footnote-ref-144\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16604","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16604"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16604\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16742,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16604\/revisions\/16742"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}