{"id":16563,"date":"2026-05-01T04:57:43","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T04:57:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=16563"},"modified":"2026-05-02T15:43:55","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T15:43:55","slug":"7-5-13","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-13\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: Slwa.1991.sanalla@gmail.com<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: Joziansh@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Collaborative Culture in Arab Public Schools in the Galilee: An Ethnographic Study of the School Work Environment<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Salwa Sanallah\u00b9, Josiane Shahada\u00b2<\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Middle School Mathematics Teacher, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> Slwa.1991.sanalla@gmail.com;<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> Secondary School Political Science Teacher, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> Joziansh@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/13' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/13<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/13' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/13<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 236 - 268<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-17 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-13.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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(2026). Collaborative Culture in Arab Public Schools in the Galilee: An Ethnographic Study of the School Work Environment. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/13&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Sanallah Salwa, Shahada Josiane. 2026. \\&quot;Collaborative Culture in Arab Public Schools in the Galilee: An Ethnographic Study of the School Work Environment.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/13&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Sanallah S., Shahada J.. 2026. Collaborative Culture in Arab Public Schools in the Galilee: An Ethnographic Study of the School Work Environment. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-13\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/13&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Sanallah S., Shahada J.. Collaborative Culture in Arab Public Schools in the Galilee: An Ethnographic Study of the School Work Environment. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/13&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Sanallah S., Shahada J., \\&quot;Collaborative Culture in Arab Public Schools in the Galilee: An Ethnographic Study of the School Work Environment,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/13&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Sanallah Salwa, Shahada Josiane. \\&quot;Collaborative Culture in Arab Public Schools in the Galilee: An Ethnographic Study of the School Work Environment.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/13&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u060c \u0634\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c. 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\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to explore the nature of collaborative culture among teachers in Arab public secondary schools in the Galilee by identifying patterns of professional collaboration, forms of interaction and communication, and the organizational and human factors that either promote or hinder collaboration within the school work environment. The study adopted a qualitative ethnographic approach, as it is suitable for understanding educational reality as experienced by teachers in their natural context. The study population consisted of 45 male and female teachers from one Arab public secondary school in the Galilee. The sample included seven female teachers who were purposively selected, taking into account diversity in years of experience, specializations, and professional roles. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using qualitative coding to extract the main and sub-themes. The findings revealed that collaborative culture within the school remains relatively limited and weak, as it is mostly informal and based on personal relationships and trust among some colleagues, rather than being a comprehensive and organized institutional practice. The results also showed that collaboration, when present, contributes to improving teachers\u2019 professional performance, exchanging experiences and teaching materials, reducing psychological pressure, and strengthening teachers\u2019 sense of professional belonging. Conversely, the study revealed several obstacles that limit collaboration, most notably time constraints, heavy teaching loads, weak administrative organization, professional selfishness, jealousy, lack of mutual trust, and certain divisions within the school staff. The study recommended strengthening the role of school administration in building an institutional culture of collaboration by organizing regular professional meetings, providing a supportive and flexible work environment, encouraging open dialogue, appreciating teachers\u2019 efforts, and creating real opportunities for participation in educational decision-making. It also recommended providing safe spaces for teachers to express their professional and psychological needs, in a way that contributes to establishing a sustainable collaborative culture that positively reflects on the quality of educational performance.\r\n<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Collaborative culture, Arab public schools, educational work environment, professional collaboration, ethnographic study.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558646\"><\/a>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (De Jong, 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Efren,2024).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c 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\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558649\"><\/a>\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 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justify;\">\n<li>\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a <a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558650\"><\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558651\"><\/a>1.5 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558652\"><\/a><strong>1.5.1 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558653\"><\/a><strong>1.5.2 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558654\"><\/a><strong>1.5.3 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 2025-2026.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558655\"><\/a><strong>1.5.4 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558656\"><\/a>1.6 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558657\"><\/a><strong>1.6.1 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 (\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c 2017).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558658\"><\/a><strong>1.6.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 8\/2017).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558659\"><\/a><strong>1.6.3 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 (\u0642\u0635\u0642\u0635\u064a, 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558660\"><\/a><strong>1.6.4 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0646 (Ethnos) \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648(Grapho) \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646 (\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c 2021).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 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(2025) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0639 (2024) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0629 (2021) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u0641 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Yonghong et al. 2022) \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 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justify;\">\u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c 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justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558673\"><\/a>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 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justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649: &#8220;\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0639\u0651\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631&#8221;.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558678\"><\/a>4.5 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0626\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0629 (2021) \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0639 (2024)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558682\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h1>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558683\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2017). \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 98<\/strong>(1)\u060c 105-175.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohammad, Ashraf Al-Saeed Ahmed. (2017). Collaborative school culture as an approach to comprehensive school reform: An analytical study. <strong>Journal of the Faculty of Education, Mansoura University, 98<\/strong>(1), 105-175.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. (2021). \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 (PLC) \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 4<\/strong>(3)\u060c 367-405.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Otaibi, Saad bin Mohammed, &amp; Al-Nafesah, Saleh bin Ibrahim. (2021). Obstacles to the performance of professional learning communities (PLC) from the perspective of science teachers in Afif. <strong>International Journal of Research in Educational Sciences, 4<\/strong>(3), 367-405.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a. (2021). \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c 27<\/strong>\u060c 302-333.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hassan, Noha Magdy Sharkawy. (2021). School culture and some problems affecting it: An analytical study. <strong>Journal of Educational and Social Studies, Faculty of Education, Helwan University, 27<\/strong>, 302-333.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2023). \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Daraghmeh, Thanaa Abdel Moneim Ahmed. (2023). The relationship of participatory leadership to administrative empowerment and job satisfaction in Palestinian higher education institutions from the perspective of employees and building a proposed model to enhance their performance. Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Arab American University, Palestine.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645: \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rabiee, Mohammad Ismail Mohammad. (2025). Organizational culture in Palestinian public lower basic schools from the perspective of administrators and teachers and its relationship to the quality of education: A proposed model based on global experiences. Doctoral dissertation, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. (2021). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 29<\/strong>(1)\u060c 236-262.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rimawi, Sofia Saeed. (2021). The effectiveness of participatory leadership in improving school performance based on the standards of the effective Palestinian school. <strong>Journal of the Islamic University for Educational and Psychological Studies, 29<\/strong>(1), 236-262.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 5<\/strong>(18)\u060c 389-521.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Azab, Iman Ahmed Muhammad. (2018). Networking: An approach to activating knowledge management in public schools in Egypt. <strong>Journal of Educational Administration, 5<\/strong>(18), 389-521.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0635\u0642\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u0628\u0631. (2025). \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u060c 1<\/strong>(4)\u060c 497-512.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64337\/rgj.v1i4.141\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64337\/rgj.v1i4.141<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Qasqasi, Halwa Jabr. (2025). The reality of work environment quality in public and private schools affiliated with the Ministry of Education within the Green Line from teachers\u2019 perspectives. <strong>Researchers\u2019 Portal Journal for Studies and Research, 1<\/strong>(4), 497-512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64337\/rgj.v1i4.141<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2021). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c 20<\/strong>(40)\u060c 138-174.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Qutait, Adnan Mohammed Ahmed. (2021). Ethnography as a methodology for qualitative educational research: A theoretical study. <strong>Journal of Educational Research, 20<\/strong>(40), 138-174.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2018). \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629\u060c 1<\/strong>(3)\u060c 93-115.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mohammad, Ali Muayyad, &amp; Mohammad, Mahmoud Ali. (2018). Educational work environment conditions and their relationship to quality of work life: A field study among secondary school teachers in Damascus Governorate schools. <strong>Hama University Journal, 1<\/strong>(3), 93-115.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. (2024). \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u061b \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 8<\/strong>(10)\u060c 56-76.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26389\/AJSRP.D010323<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Marbou, Sahar Said. (2024). Obstacles to implementing professional learning communities among UNRWA school teachers in the Jerusalem-Jericho area from their perspectives. <strong>Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 8<\/strong>(10), 56-76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26389\/AJSRP.D010323<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0Al-Husseini, S., &amp; Elbeltagi, I. (2025). <strong>The relationship between principal instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy in student engagement and classroom management<\/strong>. Frontiers in Psychology.<\/p>\n<p>De Jong, et al. (2022). <strong>School-based collaboration as a learning context for teachers: A systematic review<\/strong>. International journal of educational research, 112.\u200f<\/p>\n<p><strong>DuFour, et al. (2016). Learning by doing: A handbook for professional learning communities at work (3rd ed.) Solution Tree Press.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Efren, et al. (2024). <strong>Collaborative School Culture of Public Secondary Schools in the Municipality of Lebak<\/strong>. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 8(10), 2633-2642.<\/p>\n<p>Flores, et al. (2025). <strong>Teacher collaborative knowledge building in\u00a0Reciprocal Peer Observation<\/strong>, European Journal of Psychology of Education, Vol. 40 (45).<\/p>\n<p>Griffiths, et al. (2021). <strong>Together we can do so much: A systematic review and conceptual framework of collaboration in schools<\/strong>. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 36(1), 59-85.\u200f<\/p>\n<p>Gumuseli, A., &amp; Eryilmaz, A. (2011). <strong>The Measurement of Collaborative School Culture (CSC) on Turkish Schools<\/strong>. New Horizons in Education, 59(2), 13-26.<\/p>\n<p>Octaviani, et al. (2024). <strong>Effect of work environment and teacher\u2019s motivation on teacher\u2019s performance<\/strong>. Journal of Social Work and Science Education, 5(2), 533-544.<\/p>\n<p>Saks, et al. (2025). <strong>From zero collaboration to teamwork: Forms of teacher collaboration and factors that support or hinder it<\/strong>. Education Sciences, 15(1), 87.<\/p>\n<p>Wagner, T. (2022). <strong>Collaborative school culture and its challenges<\/strong>. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 8(10), 2633-2642.<\/p>\n<p>Wei, Z. (2025). <strong>Developing effective professional learning communities to foster teacher growth and collaboration in Chinese international schools.<\/strong> Uniglobe Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(2), 207-214.<\/p>\n<p>Yonghong, et al. (2022). <strong>How Can the Professional Community Influence Teachers\u2019 Work Engagement? The Mediating Role of Teacher Self-Efficacy<\/strong>, Sustainability, Vol. 14 (16).<\/p>\n<h1><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558684\"><\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642<\/h1>\n<h2><a id=\"post-16563-_Toc217558685\"><\/a>7.1 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 (1) &#8211; \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:( \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647&#8230;..)<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639:<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0643\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0643.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 _ \u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f _ \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628: \u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633: \u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16563","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16563","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16563"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16563\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16692,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16563\/revisions\/16692"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16563"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}