{"id":16557,"date":"2026-05-01T04:59:52","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T04:59:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=16557"},"modified":"2026-05-02T15:50:15","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T15:50:15","slug":"7-5-19","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-5-19\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 - \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 - \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629  - \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Assessment of the Sources and Pathways of Conflict-Related Soil Contamination in Sudan: An Analytical Study of Experts\u2019 and Specialists\u2019 Awareness<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Aziza Adam Madani<sup>1<\/sup>, Mohammed Abdel Moneim Musa<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Khartoum, Sudan.<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Alsalam, Sudan.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/19' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj75\/19<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/19' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/75\/19<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (5). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 368 - 378<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-04-22 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-05-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue5\/7-5-19.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A., Musa M. A.. (2026). Assessment of the Sources and Pathways of Conflict-Related Soil Contamination in Sudan: An Analytical Study of Experts\u2019 and Specialists\u2019 Awareness. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(5). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/19&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Madani Aziza Adam, Musa Mohammed Abdel Moneim. 2026. \\&quot;Assessment of the Sources and Pathways of Conflict-Related Soil Contamination in Sudan: An Analytical Study of Experts\u2019 and Specialists\u2019 Awareness.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 5. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/19&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Madani A. A., Musa M. A.. 2026. Assessment of the Sources and Pathways of Conflict-Related Soil Contamination in Sudan: An Analytical Study of Experts\u2019 and Specialists\u2019 Awareness. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-05-01. [Cited 2026-05-21]. 7(5). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-5-19\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/19&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Madani A. A., Musa M. A.. Assessment of the Sources and Pathways of Conflict-Related Soil Contamination in Sudan: An Analytical Study of Experts\u2019 and Specialists\u2019 Awareness. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-05-01; 7(5). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/19&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Madani A. A., Musa M. A., \\&quot;Assessment of the Sources and Pathways of Conflict-Related Soil Contamination in Sudan: An Analytical Study of Experts\u2019 and Specialists\u2019 Awareness,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/19&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Madani Aziza Adam, Musa Mohammed Abdel Moneim. \\&quot;Assessment of the Sources and Pathways of Conflict-Related Soil Contamination in Sudan: An Analytical Study of Experts\u2019 and Specialists\u2019 Awareness.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, 2026-05-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj75\\\/19&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639. \u0622\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0645. \u0639. 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\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to assess the level of awareness and cognitive understanding of the risks of soil contamination caused by armed conflicts in Sudan, while identifying the major pathways and impacts of soil pollution, the efforts made to monitor contamination in conflict areas, and the measures that should be taken for remediation. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 52 participants drawn from experts and specialists in the fields of soil science, environmental studies, public health, and social sciences. The study examined knowledge of the reality of conflict-related soil contamination in Sudan as an independent variable through its various dimensions: awareness of contamination cases, observation of environmental and agricultural changes, familiarity with pollution sources and types of contaminants, the effects of soil contamination on agriculture, water, and public health, in addition to monitoring efforts and risk management. The results showed that there is an advanced level of awareness regarding the risks of soil contamination resulting from armed conflicts; however, detailed understanding remains limited due to a lack of data and field research. Soil contamination arises from both direct military action and the indirect consequences of conflict. The high prevalence of biological pollutants reflects the deterioration of sanitation services and waste management, while the lower estimated presence of heavy metals may indicate the difficulty of detecting them or the lack of adequate measurement tools. Accordingly, the study recommends conducting continuous field studies on soil contamination and its various components, upgrading and developing well-equipped environmental laboratories for accurate and periodic sample analysis, implementing awareness and training programs, and integrating the efforts of government, local communities, academics, and international organizations to ensure a comprehensive and effective response to soil contamination in conflict settings.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Soil contamination, Armed conflict, Environmental risk, Sudan, Risk management.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 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\u0641\u0647\u0645\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 (2024, Enel Group).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 (2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 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\u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 :-<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"757\" height=\"352\" class=\"wp-image-16712\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/word-image-16557-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/word-image-16557-1.png 757w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/word-image-16557-1-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/word-image-16557-1-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 757px) 100vw, 757px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0646 (96%) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 (30\u201360 \u0633\u0646\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 (66%) \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f (54%) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"511\" class=\"wp-image-16713\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/word-image-16557-2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/word-image-16557-2.png 751w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/word-image-16557-2-300x204.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/word-image-16557-2-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (98%) \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 (87.2%) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (78%)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (58%)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631(80%) \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629(80%) \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a(70%) \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a(66%). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 (71%) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639. \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0645\u062c \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alaaeldein Abdelrahman Yousif (2023). Sudan current conflict and its reflection on the people of Darfur. Deriba Center for Environmental Studies.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al\u2011Shammari, A. M. (2016). Environmental pollutions associated to conflicts in Iraq and related health problems. Reviews on Environmental Health, 31(2), 245\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/reveh\u20112015\u20110024<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">AOAV. (2019). Syria in 2020: the deadly legacy of explosive violence and its impact on infrastructure and health. Relief Web. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian\u2011arab\u2011republic\/syria\u20112020\u2011deadly\u2011legacy\u2011explosive\u2011violence\u2011and\u2011its\u2011impact\u2011infrastructure.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Brodowicz, M. (2025). The impact of wars and conflicts on the environment. Aithor. <a href=\"https:\/\/aithor.com\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/aithor.com\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS). (2025, May 5). How does war damage the environment? Blog, Law and Policy. <a href=\"https:\/\/ceobs.org\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/ceobs.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enel Group. (2024). Environmental pollution: what it is and how to reduce it. Enel Learning Hub. https:\/\/www.enel.com\/learning\u2011hub\/environment\/environmental\u2011pollution<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2018). Be the solution to soil pollution (Concept Note and Agenda). Global Symposium on Soil Pollution (GSOP18). https:\/\/edafoeduca.es\/wp\u2011content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Concept\u2011Note\u2011Agenda.pdf<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">International Rescue Committee (IRC). (2026). Crisis in Sudan: What is happening and how to help. New York: IRC. https:\/\/www.rescue.org\/sudan\u2011crisis<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Krampe, F., Kreutz, J., &amp; Ide, T. (2025). Armed conflict causes long\u2011lasting environmental harms. Environment and Security, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/27538796251323739\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/27538796251323739<\/a><\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">United Nations (n.d.). International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict \u2013 6 November. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/observances\/environment\u2011in\u2011war\u2011protection\u2011day<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">United Nations (UN). (2014). The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet. Synthesis Report of the Secretary\u2011General on the Post\u20112015 Agenda. New York, NY.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2025). Learn about pollution prevention. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/p2\/learn\u2011about\u2011pollution\u2011prevention<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">World Health Organization (WHO). (2024). Air pollution: Overview and health impacts. Health Topics. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health\u2011topics\/air\u2011pollution<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">UNICEF. (2023). A girl carries a jerry can on her shoulder, Yemen [Photograph by Clarke for UNOCHA, 3 November]. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.unicef.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16557","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16557"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16714,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16557\/revisions\/16714"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}