{"id":16353,"date":"2026-04-01T00:34:22","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T00:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=16353"},"modified":"2026-04-01T12:43:31","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T12:43:31","slug":"7-4-16","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-4-16\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645 . \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 . \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: raqibhassoon@mu.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Epidemics, Diseases, and Health Measures Taken in the Late Ottoman Rule in Iraq: Samawah as a Model<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>M. Raqeeb Hassoun Aboudi Saudi<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> raqibhassoon@mu.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj74\/16' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj74\/16<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/74\/16' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/74\/16<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (4). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 228 - 248<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-03-12 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-03-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-04-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue4\/7-4-16.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H. A. (2026). Epidemics, Diseases, and Health Measures Taken in the Late Ottoman Rule in Iraq: Samawah as a Model. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Saudi Raqeeb Hassoun Aboudi. 2026. \\&quot;Epidemics, Diseases, and Health Measures Taken in the Late Ottoman Rule in Iraq: Samawah as a Model.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 4. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Saudi R. H. A. 2026. Epidemics, Diseases, and Health Measures Taken in the Late Ottoman Rule in Iraq: Samawah as a Model. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-04-01. [Cited 2026-04-23]. 7(4). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-4-16\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Saudi R. H. A. Epidemics, Diseases, and Health Measures Taken in the Late Ottoman Rule in Iraq: Samawah as a Model. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-04-01; 7(4). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Saudi R. H. A, \\&quot;Epidemics, Diseases, and Health Measures Taken in the Late Ottoman Rule in Iraq: Samawah as a Model,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Saudi Raqeeb Hassoun Aboudi. \\&quot;Epidemics, Diseases, and Health Measures Taken in the Late Ottoman Rule in Iraq: Samawah as a Model.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026-04-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0631. \u062d. \u0639. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0631. \u062d. \u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-04-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-23]. 7(4). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/7-4-16\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0631. \u062d. \u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-04-01\u061b 7(4). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0631. \u062d. \u0639. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 4\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 4\u060c 2026-04-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/16&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0634\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the epidemics and diseases that spread in Iraq during the late Ottoman period, taking the city of Samawah as a model for analysis. It explores the most prominent epidemic diseases of that era, including plague, cholera, smallpox, and malaria, and highlights their health, social, and economic impacts on the local community. The study also sheds light on the health measures adopted by the Ottoman administration, such as quarantine, disinfection, and the monitoring of caravans and travelers, drawing on Ottoman archival documents as well as historical sources and modern studies. The study concludes that limited administrative and medical capacities, weak health awareness, and poor public services all reduced the effectiveness of these measures, making epidemics a major factor in deepening the health and social crises in Samawah and Iraq in general until the end of Ottoman rule.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Epidemics, Diseases, Health Measures, Samawah, Ottoman Era.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 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\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645\u0647<sup>(16)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:. <strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0642\u0645 (1)<\/strong>. <strong>\u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1867-1915)<\/strong><sup> (17)<\/sup><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1867<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0642 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1873-1874<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1874-1875<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>4<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1875-1876<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1877<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>6<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1880-1881<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>7<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1884<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>8<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1892-1893<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0641\u0643<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1897-1899<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>10<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1900<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>11<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1901-1902<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>12<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1903<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>13<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1907<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>14<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1908-1909<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>15<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1910<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>16<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1911<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>17<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1913<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>18<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1914<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>19<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1914-1915<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627:<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 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\u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<sup>(20)<\/sup>. <strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2)<\/strong>. <strong>\u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1851-1917)<\/strong><sup>(21)<\/sup>:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1851<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1855<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1856<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>4<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1857<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1858<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>6<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1860-1861<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>7<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1865-1866<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>8<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1869<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1870<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>10<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1871-1872<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>11<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1989<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f 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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 1869-1918\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628- \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635 \u0635302-305.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(3) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 1850-1918\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2017\u060c \u063555.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(6) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u063553-57.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(7) \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 1258-1921&#8243;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 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\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 34\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u060c 2019\u060c \u0635 \u063532-33.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(9) \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 1939\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2017\u060c \u063521.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(10) \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u063529.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(11) \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631: \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 14 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 1870\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1909\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1914\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u062c. \u062c\u064a. \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 136\u060c \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2021\u060c \u0635 \u0635251-252.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(12) \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u062c6\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u062f.\u062a\u060c \u0635 \u06353656-3659.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(13) \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635634.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(14) \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a 1869-1917\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1991\u060c \u0635443.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(15) \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1988\u060c \u0635 \u0635123-127.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(16) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627)&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 19\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c 2022\u060c \u0635 \u0635305-307.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(17) \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063538.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(18) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u063597-98.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(19) \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c4\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1955\u060c \u0635263.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(20) \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0633\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1968\u060c \u0635312.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(21) \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635133.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(22) \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063539.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(23) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635220-225.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(24) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063532.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(25) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629: \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0642 (\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621) \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 1534-1831&#8243;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 37\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u060c 2016\u060c \u0635226.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(26) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 1921-1945 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628- \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635200.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(27) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f.\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 2019\u060c \u06354\u061b \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635245.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(28) \u0644\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635303-304\u061b \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 1958-1979&#8243;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (4)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 (1)\u060c 2023\u060c \u0635151.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(29) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635304-305.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(30) \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1820\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635361.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(31) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c 1892\u060c \u0635146.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(32) \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f 1831-1917\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635450.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(33) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 \u0635330-331.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(34) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635200.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(35) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635200.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(36) \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635223-224.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(37) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2010\u060c \u063556.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(38) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646)\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1989\u060c \u0635227.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(39) \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642\u062c\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1910 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u060c 2022\u060c \u0635455.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(40) \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635463.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(41) \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a (\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1892\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 50\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635220.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(42) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (1534\u20131918)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635 \u0635116-117.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(43) \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(44) OSMANLI ARSIVI. Y.MTV.10.40.1. (1881).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(45) OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. UM.1808.23.1. (1889).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(46) OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. UM.1826.16.1. (1889).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(47) OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. UM.1832.45.1. (1889).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(48) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 (1869\u20131914)&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 2022\u060c \u0635164.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(49) OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. UM.1383.24.1. (1891).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(50) OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. MHM.576.25.2. (1898).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(51) OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. MHM.576.25.8. (1889).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(52) OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. MHM.587.14.2. (1904).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(53) Faisal H. Husain, Rivers of the Sultan: The Tigris and Euphrates in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2021, pp. 79\u201394.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(54) Yaron Ayalon, \u201cReligion and Ottoman Society\u2019s Responses to Epidemics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,\u201d in Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean, Arc Humanities Press, 2017, pp. 182\u2013185.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(55) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (1869-1918)&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635 \u0635185-188\u061b \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 1875-1914 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 57\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2024\u060c \u0635212.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(56) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635275.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a. <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b 1258-1918<\/em>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2014.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abdullah, Enas Saadi. <em>Modern History of Iraq, 1258\u20131918<\/em>. 1st ed. Baghdad: Adnan House and Library, 2014.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646. <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 1939<\/em>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Mansour, Jaafar Abd al-Daem Bunyan. <em>The Health History of Basra in the Late Ottoman Period until 1939<\/em>. 1st ed. Lebanon: Dar Al-Fayha, 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u2013\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1988.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Najjar, Jamil Musa. <em>Public Health in Iraq: A Historical Study from the Ottoman Era to the Mid-Twentieth Century<\/em>. Baghdad\u2013Damascus: Tishreen Printing and Publishing House, 1988.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a 1869-1917<\/em>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1991.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Najjar, Jamil Musa. <em>The Ottoman Administration in the Province of Baghdad from the Governorship of Midhat Pasha to the End of Ottoman Rule, 1869\u20131917<\/em>. 1st ed. Cairo: Madbouly Library, 1991.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646. <em>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u062c6\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lorimer, John Gordon. <em>Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf<\/em>, Historical Section, Vol. 6. Translated by the Diwan of the Amir of Qatar. n.d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0633\u0644\u064a. <em>\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1968.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley. <em>Four Centuries of Modern Iraq<\/em>. Translated by Jaafar Al-Khayyat. Baghdad: Al-Muthanna Library, 1968.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. <em>\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Allaf, Abd al-Karim. <em>Old Baghdad<\/em>. Foreword by Muhammad \u0631\u0636\u0627 Al-Shabibi; introduction by Ibrahim Al-Waiz. 2nd ed. Beirut: Arab House of Encyclopedias, 1999.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. <em>\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (1534\u20131918)<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641\u060c 2010.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nassar, Abd al-Azim Abbas. <em>Municipalities of Iraq during the Ottoman Era (1534\u20131918)<\/em>. Najaf: Al-Haydariyya Library, 2010.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/em>\u060c \u062c4\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1955.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Azzawi, Abbas. <em>The History of Iraq between Two Occupations<\/em>. Vol. 4. Baghdad: Dar al-Tijara wa al-Tiba&#8217;a Co. Ltd., 1955.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. <em>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Wardi, Ali. <em>A Study in the Nature of Iraqi Society<\/em>. 1st ed. Casablanca: Al-Qiraa Center for Encyclopedias, 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062f. <em>\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2010.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bell, Gertrude. <em>Chapters from the Recent History of Iraq<\/em>. Translated by Jaafar Al-Khayyat. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar Al-Rafidain for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 2010.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. <em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f 1831-1917<\/em>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Lami, Firdaws Abd al-Rahman Karim. <em>Social Life in Baghdad, 1831\u20131917<\/em>. 1st ed. Beirut: Arab House of Encyclopedias, 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641. <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 1850-1918<\/em>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Jumaili, Qasim Khalaf. <em>The Epidemic History of Iraq in the Late Ottoman Era, 1850\u20131918<\/em>. 1st ed. Amman: Dar Dijlah for Publishing and Distribution, 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633. <em>\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1820<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2008.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rich, Claudius James. <em>The Journey of Rich, the British Resident in Iraq, in 1820<\/em>. Translated by Baha al-Din Nuri. 1st ed. Beirut: Arab House of Encyclopedias, 2008.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646. <em>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f.\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Group of Researchers. <em>Al-Muthanna Governorate: Geographical and Environmental Studies<\/em>. 1st ed. Kuwait, 2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 1921-1945: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c 2010.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mustafa, Ali Ibrahim Muhammad. <em>Samawah 1921\u20131945: A Historical Study<\/em>. Master\u2019s thesis, College of Arts, University of Kufa, 2010.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649. <em>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 1869-1918<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c 2003.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abd al-Karim, Lama Abd al-Aziz Mustafa. <em>Public Services in Iraq, 1869\u20131918<\/em>. Doctoral dissertation, College of Arts, University of Mosul, 2003.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639. <em>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646)<\/em>\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1989.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Ajili, Muhammad Salih Rabi. <em>Health Services in the City of Baghdad (A Study in Urban Geography)<\/em>. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 1989.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 1258-1921\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/em>\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 16\u060c 1986.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahmad, Ibrahim Khalil. \u201cMedical Activities and Health Services in Iraq, 1258\u20131921.\u201d <em>Adab Al-Rafidain Journal<\/em>, College of Arts, University of Mosul, no. 16, 1986.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u201c\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 1875-1914: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 57\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2024.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abboodi, Raqib Hassoon. \u201cThe Policy of Ottoman Rule in Iraq toward the Inhabitants of Samawah, 1875\u20131914: A Historical Study.\u201d <em>International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences<\/em>, no. 57, Beirut, 2024.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627)\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 19\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ali, Abdullah Ahmad, and Abdullah \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 Al-Mughni. \u201cPandemics and Epidemics Witnessed in the Arabian Gulf Region in Modern History (Plague as a Model).\u201d <em>University of Sharjah Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences<\/em>, vol. 19, no. 4, Sharjah, 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641. \u201c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (1869-1918)\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2018.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Arqut, Abd al-Hamid, and Muhammad Abd al-Raouf Thamer. \u201cFeatures and Factors in the Development of Iraqi Trade in the Late Ottoman Era (1869\u20131918).\u201d <em>Economic Studies Journal<\/em>, Algeria, 2018.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. \u201c\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 1958-1979\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (4)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 (1)\u060c 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shadhan, Aqil Yusuf. \u201cThe Role of Religious Scholars in Public Life in the City of Samawah, 1958\u20131979.\u201d <em>Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Arts and Educational Sciences<\/em>, vol. 23, no. 4, pt. 1, 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0628\u062d. \u201c\u062c. \u062c\u064a. \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 136\u060c \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Qaisi, Alaa Ata Allah Subh. \u201cJ. G. Lorimer and His Methodology in Writing the History of the Arabian Gulf.\u201d <em>Journal of Arts \u2013 University of Baghdad<\/em>, no. 136, March 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0631. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 (1869\u20131914)\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kamil, Ali Atiyya, and Doaa Thamer Hassan. \u201cFeudalism in the Muntafiq Liwa\u02be in Iraq during the Late Ottoman Era (1869\u20131914).\u201d <em>Adab Al-Hudaydah Journal<\/em>, no. 15, University of Hudaydah, 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u201c\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1910 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637<\/em>\u060c 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Azraqji, Qasim Abd al-Hadi. \u201cTrends and News of the 1910 Cholera Epidemic in Iraq: A Descriptive Historical Study of Sada Babil Newspaper as a Model.\u201d <em>Journal of the College of Education \u2013 Wasit University<\/em>, 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 50\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Humaidi, Qais Asaad Shakir. \u201cThe Health and Relief System in the Ottoman State.\u201d <em>Iraqi University Journal<\/em>, no. 50, pt. 1, Baghdad, 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 34\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u060c 2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Uqaili, Kamal Rashid Khamas. \u201cCommunicable Diseases in the City of Baghdad as Narrated by Foreign Travelers in the Nineteenth Century.\u201d <em>Lark Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics and Social Sciences<\/em>, no. 34, College of Arts, Wasit University, 2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 12\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ibrahim, Muhammad Jibril. \u201cRisks Associated with the Spread of Epidemics and Their Criminal Treatment.\u201d <em>Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences<\/em>, vol. 2, no. 12, Khartoum, 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631. \u201c\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 1534-1831\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 37\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u060c 2016.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Rishawi, Mutaab Khalaf Jaber. \u201cThe Liwa\u02be of Samawah during the Ottoman Era until the End of Mamluk Rule, 1534\u20131831.\u201d <em>Journal of the Islamic University College<\/em>, vol. 1, no. 37, Islamic University in Najaf, Najaf al-Ashraf, 2016.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u201d\u060c <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 47\u060c 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Muhammad, Naseer Khairallah. \u201cHealth Institutions in Iraq during the Ottoman Era.\u201d <em>Journal of the College of Education \u2013 Wasit University<\/em>, vol. 2, no. 47, 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c 1892.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Baghdad Vilayet Salnameh<\/em>. Istanbul: Ottoman State Press, 1892.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Husain, Faisal H. <em>Rivers of the Sultan: The Tigris and Euphrates in the Ottoman Empire<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ayalon, Yaron. \u201cReligion and Ottoman Society\u2019s Responses to Epidemics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.\u201d In <em>Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean<\/em>. Arc Humanities Press, 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">OSMANLI ARSIVI. Y.MTV.10.40.1. (1881).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. UM.1808.23.1. (1889).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. UM.1826.16.1. (1889).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. UM.1832.45.1. (1889).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. UM.1383.24.1. (1891).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. MHM.576.25.2. (1898).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. MHM.576.25.8. (1889).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">OSMANLI ARSIVI. A.} MKT. MHM.587.14.2. (1904).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:. \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1918\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0634\u062a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16353","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16353"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16353\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16417,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16353\/revisions\/16417"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}