{"id":16336,"date":"2026-04-01T00:15:05","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T00:15:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=16336"},"modified":"2026-04-01T00:15:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T00:15:07","slug":"7-4-4","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-4-4\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: ranyahali@hotmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Role of Total Quality Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dr. Rania Hassan Mohammed Ali<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Researcher, Sudan.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> ranyahali@hotmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj74\/4' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj74\/4<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/74\/4' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/74\/4<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (4). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 28 - 46<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-03-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-03-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-04-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue4\/7-4-4.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H. M. (2026). The Role of Total Quality Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Ali Rania Hassan Mohammed. 2026. \\&quot;The Role of Total Quality Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 4. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Ali R. H. M. 2026. The Role of Total Quality Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-04-01. [Cited 2026-04-23]. 7(4). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-4-4\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Ali R. H. M. The Role of Total Quality Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-04-01; 7(4). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Ali R. H. M, \\&quot;The Role of Total Quality Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Ali Rania Hassan Mohammed. \\&quot;The Role of Total Quality Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026-04-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631. \u062d. \u0645. (2026). \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. 2026. \u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(4). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631. \u062d. \u0645. \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-04-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-23]. 7(4). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-4-4\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631. \u062d. \u0645. \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-04-01\u061b 7(4). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631. \u062d. \u0645. \u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 4\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 4\u060c 2026-04-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj74\\\/4&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    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\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to demonstrate the role of Total Quality Management in achieving competitive advantage for organizations in a rapidly changing and dynamic business environment. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach by addressing the concept of Total Quality Management, its principles, tools, and its relationship to improving organizational performance and strengthening competitive capacity. The findings showed that the implementation of Total Quality Management contributes to enhancing operational efficiency, reducing waste, improving productivity, and increasing customer satisfaction, thereby supporting the organization\u2019s reputation and reinforcing its ability to sustain and excel in the market. The study also indicated that the success of implementing Total Quality Management is linked to the availability of several essential requirements, most notably top management commitment, the dissemination of a quality culture, the development of technological infrastructure, employee motivation, and the improvement of internal communication channels. The study concluded that Total Quality Management represents a strategic necessity for achieving organizational excellence and building a sustainable competitive advantage in contemporary institutions.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Total Quality Management, Competitive Advantage, Organizational Performance, Customer Satisfaction, Strategic Excellence.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<strong> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a.(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-1\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629:<\/strong> \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-6\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (MBNQA): <\/strong>\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-7\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (EFQM): <\/strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-8\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-9\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>). \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a:(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-10\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 (Customer Focus)<\/strong>: \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-11\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>) .<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 (Continuous Improvement): <\/strong>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 PDCA (\u062e\u0637\u0637\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0630\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644) \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-12\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f (People Involvement): <\/strong>\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-13\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 (Leadership): <\/strong>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-14\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a (Process Approach): <\/strong>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-15\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 (Fact-Based Decision Making): <\/strong>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-16\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 (Mutually Beneficial Supplier Relationships): <\/strong>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-17\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>) <strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639(<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-38\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (TQM) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a 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href=\"#post-16336-footnote-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0645\u0627 <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0628\u064a (Philip Crosby)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0636\u0627 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Techniques) \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a (Cause-and-Effect Diagram) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 &#8220;\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629&#8221; (Fishbone Diagram) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 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\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Histograms &amp; Control Charts) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (<sup><a id=\"post-16336-footnote-ref-59\" href=\"#post-16336-footnote-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 (Brainstorming &amp; Team Techniques) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644. (2017). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ahmed Mostafa Abdel Aal. (2017). <em>Total Quality Management: Theory and Practice<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Safaa for Publishing.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a. (2021). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ismail Abdel Ghani. (2021). <em>Total Quality and Its Applied Dimensions<\/em>. Beirut: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0634\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2010). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Al-Hararahsheh, Hussein Mohammed. (2010). <em>Total Quality Management and Job Performance<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Nashr Al-Arabi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2021). <em>\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Al-Barkno, Noura Ahmed. (2021). <em>A Conceptual and Cognitive Introduction to Total Quality Management<\/em>. Cairo: Arab Journal of Administrative Sciences.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2020). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abu Al-Nasr, Medhat Ahmed. (2020). <em>Total Quality Management<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Nashr Al-Arabi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a. (2020). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Al-Jundi, Mohammed Sabri. (2020). <em>Quality Management and Administrative Development<\/em>. Alexandria: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami\u2018i.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a. (2018). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Al-Qadi, Mohammed Hassan. (2018). <em>Total Quality and the Management of Modern Institutions<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Manahej.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. (2018). <em>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Khaled Abdullah Saeed. (2018). <em>Competitive Advantage Strategies<\/em>. Riyadh: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2019). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Khaled Abdullah Mohammed. (2019). <em>Total Quality Management as an Approach to Institutional Excellence<\/em>. Cairo: Cairo University.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2020). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Khaled Youssef Abdullah. (2020). <em>Total Quality and Its Impact on Developing Institutional Performance<\/em>. Riyadh: Journal of Administration and Organization.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645. (2021). <em>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rania Samir Abdel Rahim. (2021). <em>Strategic Business Analysis<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f. (2019). <em>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sami Abdel Hamid. (2019). <em>Tools of Total Quality Management<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Multaqa.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (2017). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Samir Hassan Mahmoud. (2017). <em>Strategic Business Management<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631. (2021). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abdel Rahman Ahmed Al-Tahir. (2021). <em>Total Quality Management: A Strategic Approach<\/em>. Khartoum: Journal of Administrative Sciences.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (2020). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abdullah Youssef Abdel Rahman. (2020). <em>Quality and Institutional Excellence<\/em>. Riyadh: Journal of Administrative Sciences.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2020). <em>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abdel Ghani, Fatima Mohammed. (2020). <em>Principles of Total Quality Management<\/em>. Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628. (2019). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Al-Azzawi, Mohammed Abdel Wahab. (2019). <em>Total Quality Management<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. (2021). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mohammed Hassan Abdel Karim. (2021). <em>Total Quality in Institutions<\/em>. Alexandria: Dar Al-Ma\u2018rifa Al-Jami\u2018iya.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0636. (2018). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mohammed Hassan Awad. (2018). <em>Total Quality Management: Concepts and Applications<\/em>. Riyadh: Dar Al-Mareekh.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2019). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mahmoud Ahmed Hussein. (2019). <em>Total Quality Management and Its Applications<\/em>. Alexandria: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami\u2018i.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2020). <em>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mahmoud Ahmed Hussein. (2020). <em>Competition Strategies in Modern Institutions<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. (2012). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mahmoud Ahmed Abdel Fattah. (2012). <em>Total Quality Management<\/em>. Cairo: Arab Group for Publishing and Training.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644. (2019). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mahmoud Ahmed Abdel Aal. (2019). <em>Total Quality Management: Concepts and Applications<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2019). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mahmoud Abdel Qader Mohammed. (2019). <em>Total Quality Management and Its Impact on Institutional Performance<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631. (2018). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mahmoud Abdel Ghafar. (2018). <em>Total Quality Management<\/em>. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637. (2020). <em>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hussein Abdel Basit. (2020). <em>Quality Management in Productive Institutions<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Safaa.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Barney, J. (1991). <em>Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage<\/em>. <em>Journal of Management<\/em>, 17(1).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Besterfield, D. H. (2014). <em>Total Quality Management<\/em>. New Jersey: Pearson.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Crosby, P. B. (1979). <em>Quality Is Free: The Art of Making Quality Certain<\/em>. New York: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Deming, W. E. (1986). <em>Out of the Crisis<\/em>. Cambridge: MIT Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Evans, J. R., &amp; Lindsay, W. M. (2017). <em>Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence<\/em>. Boston: Cengage Learning.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Feigenbaum, A. V. (1991). <em>Total Quality Control<\/em>. New York: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Goetsch, D. L., &amp; Davis, S. B. (2016). <em>Quality Management for Organizational Excellence<\/em>. London: Pearson.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Grant, R. (2016). <em>Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text and Cases<\/em>. Wiley.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Juran, J. M. (1999). <em>Juran\u2019s Quality Control Handbook<\/em>. New York: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Juran, J. M. (2010). <em>Juran\u2019s Quality Handbook<\/em>. New York: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Kaplan, R. S., &amp; Norton, D. P. (1996). <em>The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action<\/em>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Kotler, P., &amp; Keller, K. L. (2016). <em>Marketing Management<\/em>. Pearson.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Oakland, J. S. (2014). <em>Total Quality Management and Operational Excellence<\/em>. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Oakland, J. S. (2014). <em>Total Quality Management and Operational Excellence: Text with Cases<\/em>. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Osborn, A. (1953). <em>Applied Imagination<\/em>. New York: Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Peters, T. J. (1987). <em>Thriving on Chaos<\/em>. New York: Harper &amp; Row.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Porter, M. E. (1985). <em>Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance<\/em>. New York: Free Press.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-1\">\n<p>() \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0634\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2010. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-2\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2025. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-3\">\n<p>() \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c &#8220;\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2016. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-4\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2019. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-5\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2025. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-6\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (ISO)\u060c &#8220;\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 ISO\u060c \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c 2025. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-7\">\n<p>() \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 NIST\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646\u060c 2025. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-8\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (EFQM)\u060c &#8220;\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c EFQM: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 EFQM\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0644\u060c 2025. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-9\">\n<p>() \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2025\u060c \u0635 45. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-10\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 78. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-11\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635 45. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-12\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 78. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-13\">\n<p>() \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 33. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-14\">\n<p>() \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635 60. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-15\">\n<p>() \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2016\u060c \u0635 88. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-16\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 42. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-17\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2019\u060c \u0635 102. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-18\">\n<p>() \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2025\u060c \u0635 50. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-19\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 78. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-20\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635 45. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-21\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 33. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-22\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635 60. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-23\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2019\u060c \u0635 102. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-24\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635 45 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-25\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635 62 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-26\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Michael E. Porter, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press, New York, 1985, p. 3 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-27\">\n<p>() Jay Barney, Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 1991, p. 99 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-28\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Thomas J. Peters, Thriving on Chaos, Harper &amp; Row, New York, 1987, p. 45 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-29\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Nadia Mohamed Ali, Studies in Strategic Management, Anglo-Egyptian Library, Cairo, 2019, p. 88 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-30\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635 54 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-31\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 71. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-32\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Robert Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text and Cases, Wiley, 2016, p. 75. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-33\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Philip Kotler &amp; Kevin Lane Keller, Marketing Management, Pearson, 2016, p. 482. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-34\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Jay Barney, Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 1991, p. 102. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-35\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Thomas J. Peters, Thriving on Chaos, Harper &amp; Row, New York, 1987, p. 48. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-36\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Michael E. Porter, Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York, 1985, p. 12. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-37\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Jay Barney, Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 1991, p. 106. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-38\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Robert S. Kaplan &amp; David P. Norton, The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1996, p. 45. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-39\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2019\u060c \u0635 34. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-40\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635 57. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-41\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Juran, J.M., Juran\u2019s Quality Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 1999, p.88 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-42\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Crosby, Philip B., Quality is Free: The Art of Making Quality Certain, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979, p. 112. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-43\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Deming, W. Edwards, Out of the Crisis, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1986, p. 23. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-44\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Deming, W. Edwards, Out of the Crisis, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1986, p. 51. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-45\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Juran, J.M., Juran\u2019s Quality Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999, p. 102. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-45\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-46\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635 144. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-46\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-47\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Oakland, John S., Total Quality Management and Operational Excellence: Text with Cases, Routledge, London, 2014, p. 39. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-47\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-48\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Feigenbaum, Armand V., Total Quality Control, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991, p. 11. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-49\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635 167. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-49\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-50\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Deming, W. Edwards, Out of the Crisis, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1986, p. 27. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-51\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635 212. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-51\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-52\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Crosby, Philip B., Quality is Free: The Art of Making Quality Certain, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979, p. 118. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-52\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-53\">\n<p>() Juran, J.M., Juran\u2019s Quality Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999, p. 144. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-53\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-54\">\n<p>() \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635 189. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-54\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-55\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Joseph Juran, Quality Control Handbook, McGraw Hill, New York, 1999, p. 54. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-55\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-56\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635 77. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-56\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-57\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Edward Deming, Out of the Crisis, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1986, p. 120. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-57\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-58\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 98. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-58\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-59\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2019\u060c \u0635 121. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-59\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-60\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Alex Osborn, Applied Imagination, Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, New York, 1953, p. 36. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-60\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-61\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635 147. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-61\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-62\">\n<p>() \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2019\u060c \u063555. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-62\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-63\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 2021\u060c \u063578. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-63\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-64\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635102. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-64\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-65\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2019\u060c \u063567. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-65\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-66\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635112. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-66\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-67\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> John Oakland, Total Quality Management and Operational Excellence, Routledge, London, 2014, p. 89. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-67\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-68\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Joseph Juran, Juran\u2019s Quality Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010, p. 54. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-68\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-69\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2019\u060c \u063567. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-69\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-70\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635112 <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-70\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-71\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> John Oakland, Total Quality Management and Operational Excellence, Routledge, London, 2014, p. 89. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-71\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-72\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Joseph Juran, Juran\u2019s Quality Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010, p. 54. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-72\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-73\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2018\u060c \u063555. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-73\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-74\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2019\u060c \u063572. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-74\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-75\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635101. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-75\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-76\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Dale H. Besterfield, Total Quality Management, Pearson, New Jersey, 2014, p. 87. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-76\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-77\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Goetsch, D. L., &amp; Davis, S. B., Quality Management for Organizational Excellence, Pearson, London, 2016, p. 112. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-77\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-78\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2017\u060c \u063588. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-78\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-79\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Evans, J. R., &amp; Lindsay, W. M., Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence, Cengage Learning, Boston, 2017, p. 95. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-79\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-80\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635134. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-80\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-81\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Oakland, J. S., Total Quality Management and Operational Excellence, Routledge, London, 2014, p. 176. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-81\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-82\">\n<p>() \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635102. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-82\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-83\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Goetsch, D. L., &amp; Davis, S. B., Quality Management for Organizational Excellence, Pearson, London, 2016, p. 134. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-83\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-84\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Dale H. Besterfield, Total Quality Management, Pearson, New Jersey, 2014, p. 145. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-84\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-85\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2020\u060c \u0635119. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-85\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-86\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> Evans, J. R., &amp; Lindsay, W. M., Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence, Cengage Learning, Boston, 2017, p. 165. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-86\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-16336-footnote-87\">\n<p><sup>()<\/sup> \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635156. <a href=\"#post-16336-footnote-ref-87\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16336","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16336","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16336"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16336\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16342,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16336\/revisions\/16342"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16336"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}