{"id":15951,"date":"2026-02-09T18:09:43","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T18:09:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15951"},"modified":"2026-03-16T11:26:03","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T11:26:03","slug":"7-2-45","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-2-45\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0628\u0629 - \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Achievement Tests in Assessing Student Learning: A Qualitative Study<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Sajida Sobhi Miari<sup>1<\/sup>, Salwa Fawzi Salameh<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Graduate Studies College, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj72\/45' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj72\/45<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/72\/45' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/72\/45<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (2). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 724 - 744<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-01-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-01-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-02-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue2\/7-2-45.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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S, Salameh S. F. (2026). Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Achievement Tests in Assessing Student Learning: A Qualitative Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(2). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/45&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Sajida Sobhi Miari, Salwa Fawzi Salameh. 2026. \\&quot;Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Achievement Tests in Assessing Student Learning: A Qualitative Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 2. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/45&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Miari S. S, Salameh S. F. 2026. Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Achievement Tests in Assessing Student Learning: A Qualitative Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-02-01. [Cited 2026-05-01]. 7(2). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-2-45\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/45&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Miari S. S, Salameh S. F. Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Achievement Tests in Assessing Student Learning: A Qualitative Study. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-02-01; 7(2). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/45&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Miari S. S, Salameh S. F, \\&quot;Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Achievement Tests in Assessing Student Learning: A Qualitative Study,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/45&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Sajida Sobhi Miari, Salwa Fawzi Salameh. \\&quot;Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Achievement Tests in Assessing Student Learning: A Qualitative Study.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026-02-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/45&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633. \u0635\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633. \u0641. 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style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This qualitative study aims to explore primary school Arabic language teachers\u2019 perceptions of the effectiveness of achievement tests in assessing student learning. The study adopted a case study design and collected data through semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of eleven female teachers from primary schools in the Galilee region during the 2025\u20132026 academic year, in addition to analyzing assessment documents such as test samples and specification tables when available. The findings indicate that teachers view achievement tests as an essential tool for measuring the attainment of learning objectives, diagnosing students\u2019 strengths and weaknesses, and developing remedial plans. The results also reveal teachers\u2019 efforts to ensure gradual difficulty, diversify question formats, and consider individual differences among students. However, several challenges emerged, including difficulties in constructing precise questions aligned with students\u2019 levels, time constraints, and limited professional training in assessing higher-order thinking skills. Moreover, the psychological impact of tests on students varied, ranging from increased motivation to heightened anxiety and frustration. Participants also pointed to the limitations of traditional paper-based tests in measuring creativity and critical thinking, and emphasized the importance of integrating alternative assessment approaches such as portfolios, projects, and oral presentations, as well as expanding the use of technology and digital tools in test design, analysis, and feedback. The study concludes by stressing the need to enhance teachers\u2019 assessment literacy through continuous professional development and to adopt a balanced approach that integrates summative and formative assessment to ensure more comprehensive, equitable, and deep learning-oriented evaluation.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Achievement tests, educational assessment, teachers\u2019 perceptions, deep thinking, alternative assessment.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 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(\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c 2021).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<strong> \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 (attainment) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a. \u0633\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 (2023 Sahin,).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u062a\u0627\u0646 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\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a (Falaqi, R., 2020)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0648 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justify;\">\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0628 &#8211; \u0634\u0639\u0628. \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f. &#8211; \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a &#8211; \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u2013 \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 &#8211; \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 ).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0628\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c 2021).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Objective Tests):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a (\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c 2022).<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Essay Tests):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u060c 2025).<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Performance\/Practical Tests):<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064f \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a (\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c 2022).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Criterion-Referenced):<\/strong> \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Norm-Referenced):<\/strong> \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649\u060c 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c 25\u060c2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645: \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 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\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f (2021) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 (2015) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 (2019 (Guo &amp; Yan,\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a.<strong> (Cheung &amp; Xuan, 2022)<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 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justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0634\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c 2021) \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 qualitative content analysis \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 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justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 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justify;\">\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 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justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Google Forms \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 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\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f (2021) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a 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\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 Tomlinson (2014)\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 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\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 Palm &amp; Bostr\u00f6m (2023) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u201d \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629 (2025) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647 Popham (2014) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 Fink &amp; Chang (2020) \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627. <br \/>\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u201c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u201d: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a) \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Levy Feldman (2025) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Espinoza &amp; Schneider (2022) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u201d \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Guo &amp; Yan (2019) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 (\u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a) \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Hattie &amp; Timperley (2007) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u201c\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u201d \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0631\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 Google Forms) \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a Andrade &amp; Cizek (2010) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c Palm &amp; Bostr\u00f6m (2023) \u0648Cheung &amp; Xuan (2022) \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 Xu &amp; Brown (2016) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u201d \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 (\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (2021) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f (2021) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 Black &amp; Wiliam (1998; 2018) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 2021\u061b \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c 2022) \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (Black &amp; Wiliam, 2018)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a (Guo &amp; Yan, 2019\u061b Hattie &amp; Timperley, 2007). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u2014\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u2014\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c 2021\u061b \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629\u060c 2015)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Cheung &amp; Xuan, 2022\u061b Palm &amp; Bostr\u00f6m, 2023\u061b Xu &amp; Brown, 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d8\u05d5\u05e4\u05e1<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm pb-25\">\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"request-WEB:f4d5e7c5-26d7-4af9-a4e1-6c3ffe5470cc-92\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-48\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"1079ea81-c478-4110-a68a-c6de9427ab4e\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-3\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"7327\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"177\">1.<\/strong> \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645.\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (2021). \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 10(2).<br data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"295\" \/>Asaad, M., et al. (2021). The Importance of Measurement and Evaluation in Improving the Educational Process. <em data-start=\"404\" data-end=\"442\">Arab Journal of Educational Sciences<\/em>, 10(2).<br data-start=\"450\" data-end=\"453\" \/><strong data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"459\">2.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645. (2021). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 18(3)\u060c 45\u201367.<br data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"617\" \/>Al-Bousawi, M. (2021). Emotional Competence among Children and Its Impact on Learning: A Comparative Study between Gifted and Normal Children. <em data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"793\">Journal of Educational Sciences<\/em>, 18(3), 45\u201367.<br data-start=\"808\" data-end=\"811\" \/><strong data-start=\"811\" data-end=\"817\">3.<\/strong> \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645. (2021). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a.<br data-start=\"888\" data-end=\"891\" \/>Belaalia, M. (2021). Achievement Tests as an Effective Method of Educational Evaluation.<br data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"982\" \/><strong data-start=\"982\" data-end=\"988\">4.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2021). \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c 19(1)\u060c 99\u2013115.<br data-start=\"1117\" data-end=\"1120\" \/>Al-Khalidi, Fahd Mohammed (2021). The Effect of Diversifying Assessment Methods on Students\u2019 Achievement in the Primary Stage. <em data-start=\"1247\" data-end=\"1273\">Modern Education Journal<\/em>, 19(1), 99\u2013115.<br data-start=\"1289\" data-end=\"1292\" \/><strong data-start=\"1292\" data-end=\"1298\">5.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633. (2020). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<br data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1362\" \/>Al-Khalidi, S. (2020). <em data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1435\">Alternative Assessment Strategies in Mathematics<\/em>.<br data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1439\" \/><strong data-start=\"1439\" data-end=\"1445\">6.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633. (2022). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"1540\" data-end=\"1543\" \/>Al-Khalidi, S. (2022). <em data-start=\"1566\" data-end=\"1624\">Authentic Assessment Strategies in Mathematics Education<\/em>. Dar Al-Maseera for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"1673\" data-end=\"1676\" \/><strong data-start=\"1676\" data-end=\"1682\">7.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"1769\" data-end=\"1772\" \/>Al-Khalifa, H. (2018). <em data-start=\"1795\" data-end=\"1846\">Educational Evaluation: Concept, Types, and Tools<\/em>. Dar Safaa for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"1890\" data-end=\"1893\" \/><strong data-start=\"1893\" data-end=\"1899\">8.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645. \u0639. (2020). \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c 18(2)\u060c 65\u201382.<br data-start=\"2023\" data-end=\"2026\" \/>Al-Khatib, M. A. (2020). The Effect of Short Tasks on Reducing Students\u2019 Anxiety in Mathematics. <em data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2149\">Modern Education Journal<\/em>, 18(2), 65\u201382.<br data-start=\"2164\" data-end=\"2167\" \/><strong data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2173\">9.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641. (2020). \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2255\" \/>Al-Omari, F. (2020). <em data-start=\"2276\" data-end=\"2325\">Standards and Methods of Educational Evaluation<\/em>. Dar Al-Maseera for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"2374\" data-end=\"2377\" \/><strong data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2384\">10.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645.\u061b \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a. (\u062f.\u062a.). \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643.<br data-start=\"2521\" data-end=\"2524\" \/>Al-Omari, M.; Ayadat, Y. (n.d.). Faculty Members\u2019 and Students\u2019 Perceptions of Computerized Examinations in the Educational Process at Yarmouk University.<br data-start=\"2678\" data-end=\"2681\" \/><strong data-start=\"2681\" data-end=\"2688\">11.<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0647. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646: <a class=\"decorated-link cursor-pointer\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"2769\" data-end=\"2821\">https:\/\/www.maktabtk.com\/blog\/tags\/\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/a><br data-start=\"2821\" data-end=\"2824\" \/>Abdel-Hamid, H. (2022). <em data-start=\"2848\" data-end=\"2919\">Qualitative Research: A Comprehensive Guide to Implementation Methods<\/em>. Retrieved from: <a class=\"decorated-link cursor-pointer\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"2937\" data-end=\"2989\">https:\/\/www.maktabtk.com\/blog\/tags\/\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/a><br data-start=\"2989\" data-end=\"2992\" \/><strong data-start=\"2992\" data-end=\"2999\">12.<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0623. \u062d. (2017). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"3084\" data-end=\"3087\" \/>Abdel-Rahman, A. H. (2017). <em data-start=\"3115\" data-end=\"3154\">Measurement in Educational Evaluation<\/em>. Amman: Dar Safaa for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"3205\" data-end=\"3208\" \/><strong data-start=\"3208\" data-end=\"3215\">13.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645. (2022). \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 14(2)\u060c 45\u201360.<br data-start=\"3308\" data-end=\"3311\" \/>Al-Abdali, M. (2022). Assessment Methods in the Educational Process. <em data-start=\"3380\" data-end=\"3413\">Journal of Educational Sciences<\/em>, 14(2), 45\u201360.<br data-start=\"3428\" data-end=\"3431\" \/><strong data-start=\"3431\" data-end=\"3438\">14.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639. (2021). \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"3526\" data-end=\"3529\" \/>Al-Zahrani, A. (2021). <em data-start=\"3552\" data-end=\"3605\">Modern Models and Methods of Educational Evaluation<\/em>. Dar Al-Maseera for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"3654\" data-end=\"3657\" \/><strong data-start=\"3657\" data-end=\"3664\">15.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0646. \u0645.\u061b \u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0646. \u0635. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c 26\u060c 244\u2013250.<br data-start=\"3778\" data-end=\"3781\" \/>Al-Marabit, N. M.; Yahya, N. S. (2025). Achievement Tests and Their Importance in the Educational Process. <em data-start=\"3888\" data-end=\"3908\">Al-Tarbawi Journal<\/em>, 26, 244\u2013250.<br data-start=\"3922\" data-end=\"3925\" \/><strong data-start=\"3925\" data-end=\"3932\">16.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f\u060c \u0645. \u062a. (2024). \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c 18(1)\u060c 55\u201372.<br data-start=\"4046\" data-end=\"4049\" \/>Al-Marsad, M. T. (2024). Challenges of Digital Transformation in School Education: A Field Study. <em data-start=\"4147\" data-end=\"4173\">Modern Education Journal<\/em>, 18(1), 55\u201372.<br data-start=\"4188\" data-end=\"4191\" \/><strong data-start=\"4191\" data-end=\"4198\">17.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0631. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c 10(3)\u060c 55\u201368.<br data-start=\"4300\" data-end=\"4303\" \/>Al-Shammari, R. (2018). Evaluation-Related Anxiety and Its Impact on Students\u2019 Achievement. <em data-start=\"4395\" data-end=\"4422\">Educational Media Journal<\/em>, 10(3), 55\u201368.<br data-start=\"4437\" data-end=\"4440\" \/><strong data-start=\"4440\" data-end=\"4447\">18.<\/strong> \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631. \u0639. (2019). \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 15(3)\u060c 134\u2013150.<br data-start=\"4566\" data-end=\"4569\" \/>Suleiman, R. A. (2019). Individual Differences among Students and Their Impact on Choosing Assessment Methods. <em data-start=\"4680\" data-end=\"4713\">Journal of Educational Sciences<\/em>, 15(3), 134\u2013150.<br data-start=\"4730\" data-end=\"4733\" \/><strong data-start=\"4733\" data-end=\"4740\">19.<\/strong> \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639. \u0643. (2022). \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c 2(1)\u060c 28\u201347.<br data-start=\"4874\" data-end=\"4877\" \/>Saeed, A. K. (2022). The Importance of Achievement Tests in Educational Evaluation. <em data-start=\"4961\" data-end=\"5021\">Al-Misbah Journal of Psychology, Education, and Orthophony<\/em>, 2(1), 28\u201347.<br data-start=\"5035\" data-end=\"5038\" \/><strong data-start=\"5038\" data-end=\"5045\">20.<\/strong> \u0641\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0641.\u061b \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0640. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 24(1)\u060c 251\u2013260.<br data-start=\"5141\" data-end=\"5144\" \/>Fattati, F.; Ben Fetta (2022). Educational Evaluation: Concept and Objectives. <em data-start=\"5223\" data-end=\"5248\">Arabic Language Journal<\/em>, 24(1), 251\u2013260.<br data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5268\" \/><strong data-start=\"5268\" data-end=\"5275\">21.<\/strong> \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0623. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"5361\" data-end=\"5364\" \/>Najah, A. (2025). <em data-start=\"5382\" data-end=\"5450\">Achievement Tests as an Effective Method of Educational Evaluation<\/em>. Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<br data-start=\"5473\" data-end=\"5476\" \/><strong data-start=\"5476\" data-end=\"5483\">22.<\/strong> \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c.\u061b \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0635.\u061b \u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0634. (2018). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u064e\u0631\u060c 13.<br data-start=\"5587\" data-end=\"5590\" \/>Nasr Al-Din, J.; Gharbi, S.; Kahoul, S. (2018). Measurement, Evaluation, and Tests: A Conceptual Introduction. <em data-start=\"5701\" data-end=\"5731\">Laboratory Notebooks Journal<\/em>, 13.<br data-start=\"5736\" data-end=\"5739\" \/><strong data-start=\"5739\" data-end=\"5746\">23.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0646. (2018). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 19(2)\u060c 225\u2013248.<br data-start=\"5921\" data-end=\"5924\" \/>Al-Otaibi, N. (2018). The Effectiveness of Alternative Assessment Strategies in Developing Mathematical Thinking and Achievement Motivation among Primary School Girls. <em data-start=\"6092\" data-end=\"6143\">Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences<\/em>, 19(2), 225\u2013248.<br data-start=\"6160\" data-end=\"6163\" \/><strong data-start=\"6163\" data-end=\"6170\">24.<\/strong> \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623. \u0645. \u0645.\u061b \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0645. \u0625.\u061b \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0631. \u0623. (2019). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c 48(3)\u060c 135\u2013160.<br data-start=\"6416\" data-end=\"6419\" \/>Harbi, A. 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Sampling and Field Research in Humanities and Social Sciences. <em data-start=\"6946\" data-end=\"7020\">Revue des \u00c9tudes Multidisciplinaires en Sciences \u00c9conomiques et Sociales<\/em>, 9(3).<br data-start=\"7027\" data-end=\"7030\" \/><strong data-start=\"7030\" data-end=\"7037\">26.<\/strong> Falaqi, R. (2020). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f. <em data-start=\"7100\" data-end=\"7153\">TSAQOFIYA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Arab<\/em>, 2(2)\u060c 160\u2013175.<br data-start=\"7169\" data-end=\"7172\" \/>Falaqi, R. (2020). 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Journal of Educational Research, 115(4), 475\u2013489. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220671.2021.1989449\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220671.2021.1989449<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15951","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15951","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15951"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15951\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16200,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15951\/revisions\/16200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15951"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}