{"id":15949,"date":"2026-02-09T11:51:19","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T11:51:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15949"},"modified":"2026-03-16T11:24:21","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T11:24:21","slug":"7-2-44","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-2-44\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0629<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: wesam.dkh5@gmail,com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Development and Standardization of an Instrument to Measure the Level of Critical Thinking among Arabic Language Teachers across Educational Stages within the Green Line<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Wisam Salim Khalayleh<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> wesam.dkh5@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj72\/44' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj72\/44<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/72\/44' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/72\/44<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (2). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 701 - 723<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-01-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2026-01-20 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-02-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue2\/7-2-44.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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S. (2026). Development and Standardization of an Instrument to Measure the Level of Critical Thinking among Arabic Language Teachers across Educational Stages within the Green Line. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(2). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/44&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Wisam Salim Khalayleh. 2026. \\&quot;Development and Standardization of an Instrument to Measure the Level of Critical Thinking among Arabic Language Teachers across Educational Stages within the Green Line.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 2. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/44&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Khalayleh W. S. 2026. Development and Standardization of an Instrument to Measure the Level of Critical Thinking among Arabic Language Teachers across Educational Stages within the Green Line. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-02-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 7(2). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-2-44\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/44&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Khalayleh W. S. Development and Standardization of an Instrument to Measure the Level of Critical Thinking among Arabic Language Teachers across Educational Stages within the Green Line. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-02-01; 7(2). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/44&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Khalayleh W. S, \\&quot;Development and Standardization of an Instrument to Measure the Level of Critical Thinking among Arabic Language Teachers across Educational Stages within the Green Line,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/44&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Wisam Salim Khalayleh. \\&quot;Development and Standardization of an Instrument to Measure the Level of Critical Thinking among Arabic Language Teachers across Educational Stages within the Green Line.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026-02-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/44&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648. \u0633. 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2026-02-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/44&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div 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\u0648\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646-\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 (\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627=0.76\u060c \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646=0.87). \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f 3.86 (\u0645\u0646 5)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 11-15 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (3.95)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 (3.77). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646 87% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u061b \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study seeks to develop and standardize a scale to measure critical thinking among Arabic language teachers in the elementary, middle, and secondary school levels within the Palestinian community inside Israel. The aim is to provide a valid and reliable instrument for assessing this skill and identifying professional development needs. The scale was based on the Watson and Glaser (2008) model and consists of 40 items distributed across four dimensions: inference, recognizing assumptions, interpretation, and evaluation of arguments. The scale was administered to a stratified random sample of 300 male and female teachers from various schools during the 2024\u20132025 academic year, using a descriptive developmental quantitative methodology. The results demonstrated high psychometric validity, as exploratory factor analysis confirmed the distribution of items across the four dimensions, explaining 65% of the total variance. A strong Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.75) was also found with the Watson\u2013Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. The scale showed high reliability (Cronbach\u2019s alpha = 0.76; Spearman\u2013Brown = 0.87). The overall mean score of critical thinking was 3.86 (out of 5), indicating a high level of critical thinking. Higher levels were found among male teachers, teachers with 11\u201315 years of experience, and elementary school teachers. The interpretation dimension recorded the highest mean (3.95), whereas recognizing assumptions were the lowest (3.77). In addition, the distribution of critical thinking levels revealed that 87% of the teachers demonstrated a high level of critical thinking. The study recommends developing professional training programs that particularly focus on enhancing recognizing-assumptions skills and providing special support for novice teachers and those working in middle and secondary schools. This study contributes by providing a culturally sensitive local measurement tool.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Validation; Critical Thinking; Arabic Language Teachers; Elementary School; Middle School: High School.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 (Ennis, 1992). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b&#8221; (Dwyer et al., 2014).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Hitchcock, 2020). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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justify;\"><em>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a: \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 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justify;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a: \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 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\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Rusmin et al., 2024). \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642-\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Dwyer et al., 2014) \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 (Paul, 1989). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 30 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 (\u064bWalser, 2008)\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (Facione, 1990). \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (Abrami et al., 2015; Hitchcock, 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 (2008) \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (2008) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631. \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0631 (Moore &amp; Parker, 2009) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647. \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 (\u064fEnnis, 1992) \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646 (Dumitru &amp; Halpern, 2023)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 (2009) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 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2018). \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (CCTT) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a (Leach et al., 2020).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0631\u0648\u0633&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (Ross Test of Higher Cognitive Processors)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c Bloom \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645 105 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 (Ross, 1976).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062c\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 (New Jersey Test of Reasoning Skills) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1983\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f (Lim, 1998).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0633\u2013\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (The Ennis-Weir Critical Thinking Essay Test)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a (Ennis &amp; Weir, 1985).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (Facione et al., 2001)\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0633\u0648\u0646\u2013\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal &#8211; WGCTA) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 80 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 40 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c (Watson &amp; Glaser, 1980). \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c (Deduction)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 (Induction)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a (Facione et al., 2002). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0644\u0651\u062d\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u064f\u062c\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u2013 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u064f\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u2013 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u062f\u0644 (Cui &amp; Teo, 2023; Wilson, 2016). \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (Li, 2016; Yuan &amp; Stapleton, 2020)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 (\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647) \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (Yuan, 2023).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 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(Developmental Research Approach) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a) (Crocker &amp; Algina, 2018). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633: \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Facione, 2022) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631). \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u0651\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a: \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a: \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (30 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 (\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 SPSS \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f: \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c (10 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a (10 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 (10 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c (10 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a). \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a (1: \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c 5: \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 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\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a (Crocker &amp; Algina, 2018). \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633: 210 \u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b (70%)\u060c 90 \u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 (30%)\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: 60 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 1-5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a (20%)\u060c 29 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 6-10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a (9%)\u060c 65 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 11-15 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a (21%)\u060c 145 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 16 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 (48%).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629: 149 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (49%)\u060c 49 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (16%)\u060c 101 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (33%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a: \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064510 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 8 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a (2\u060c 4\u060c 7\u060c 22\u060c 23\u060c 27\u060c 33). \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a) \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a: \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 300 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e = 0.82).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 (300 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 SPSS.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a Google Forms) \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15949-_Toc198665005\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Crocker &amp; Algina, 2018):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Pearson Correlation Coefficient<\/em><\/strong><em>)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646-\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c SPSS \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (p &lt; 0.05). \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 (r \u2265 0.30) \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 (Spearman-Brown Coefficient<\/em><\/strong><em>)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a (Split-Half Reliability) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a (40 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 SPSS\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u2265 0.70 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 (Crocker &amp; Algina, 2018). \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 (Cronbach\u2019s Alpha<\/em><\/strong><em>)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (Internal Consistency) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 SPSS\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u2265 0.70 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a (Exploratory Factor Analysis &#8211; EFA<\/em><\/strong><em>)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0640 40 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c) \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a (Watson &amp; Glaser, 2008).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 SPSS \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Principal Component Analysis) \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 (Varimax Rotation) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 [Factor Loadings &gt; 0.4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 (Independent Samples t-test<\/em><\/strong><em>)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636: \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 (\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\/\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 SPSS \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (p &lt; 0.05) \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (One-Way ANOVA<\/em><\/strong><em>)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636: \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1-5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c 6-10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c 11-15 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c 16 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 ANOVA \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 SPSS \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (p &lt; 0.05)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (Post-Hoc Tests) \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0643\u064a (Tukey) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15949-_Toc198665006\"><\/a><strong><em>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641-\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0641 (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 (Levene\u2019s Test) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0648ANOVA: \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 300 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c SPSS. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a: \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 10 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a. \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 8 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a (Exploratory Factor Analysis &#8211; EFA) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0640-40 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Factor Loadings) \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u2265 0.40\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 65% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 (r = 0.75, p &lt; 0.01) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646-\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (Watson &amp; Glaser, 2008) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 (300 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (r = 0.50-0.65, p &lt; 0.01)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\n<p><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1: \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u06331-\u063310<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u063311-\u063320<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.69<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u063321-\u063330<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.67<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u063331-\u063340<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0643\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u06331-\u063340<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a (\u03b1 = 0.76)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (0.60\u20130.69)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\n<p><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (n=300)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.79<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0643\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a (M = 3.86, Sd. = 0.84)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (3.95)\u060c \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c (3.86)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c (3.85)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (3.77)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 (\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0627\u062b)\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 Independent t-test \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 3:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">\n<p><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 3: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 (n=300)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>t<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\n<p>**2.44-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062b<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 3\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (t = -2.44**, p = 0.015) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 (M = 3.9, Sd. = 0.29) \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062b (M = 3.81, Sd. = 0.18).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 One-way ANOVA \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 4:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">\n<p><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 4: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (n=300)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>F<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3.91<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.26<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>**6.76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 4 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (F = 6.76, p &lt; 0.001)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a (M = 3.91, SD = 0.26)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (M = 3.81, SD = 0.30)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (M = 3.80, SD = 0.09).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629: <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 (1-5\u060c 6-10\u060c 11-15\u060c 16 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631)\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 One-way ANOVA \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 5:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">\n<p><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 5: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 (n=300)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>F<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1-5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\">\n<p>**7.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>6-10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.89<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>11-15 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3.98<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>16 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.82<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 5 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (F = 7.57, p &lt; 0.001)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 (11-15 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a (M = 3.98, Sd. = 0.19)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 (1-5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a) (M = 3.81, Sd. = 0.25).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 6:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">\n<p><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 6: \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (n=300)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1.00-2.33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2.34-3.66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>39<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>13%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>3.67-5.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>260<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>87%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 6 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (260 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064b\u0627) \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (87.0\u066a)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (13.0\u066a) \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u0650\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 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\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637). \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"177\">1.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. (2009). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f: \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"278\" data-end=\"281\" \/>Al-Imam, Mohammed Saleh (2009). <em data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"368\">Creative and Critical Thinking: A Contemporary Vision<\/em>. Amman: Al-Warraq Foundation for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"430\" data-end=\"433\" \/><strong data-start=\"433\" data-end=\"439\">2.<\/strong> \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u062c\u0628. (2014). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"543\" data-end=\"546\" \/>Hassan, Hanaa Rajab (2014). <em data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"627\">Thinking: Teaching Programs and Measurement Methods<\/em>. Amman: Arab Society Library for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"692\" \/><strong data-start=\"692\" data-end=\"698\">3.<\/strong> \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646. (2008). \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631: \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"804\" \/>Zaytoun, Hassan (2008). <em data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"900\">Developing Thinking Skills: An Enlightened Vision for Self-Development<\/em>. Riyadh: Al-Sawlatia Educational House.<br data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"943\" \/><strong data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"949\">4.<\/strong> \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2003). \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631. \u063a\u0632\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1032\" \/>Sa\u2018adah, Joudat Ahmed (2003). <em data-start=\"1062\" data-end=\"1088\">Teaching Thinking Skills<\/em>. Gaza: Dar Al-Shorouk for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"1143\" data-end=\"1146\" \/><strong data-start=\"1146\" data-end=\"1152\">5.<\/strong> \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2011). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<br data-start=\"1250\" data-end=\"1253\" \/>Suleiman, Sana Mohammed (2011). <em data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1361\">Thinking: Its Fundamentals, Types, Teaching, and Development of Its Skills<\/em>. Cairo: Alam Al-Kutub.<br data-start=\"1384\" data-end=\"1387\" \/><strong data-start=\"1387\" data-end=\"1393\">6.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649. (2010). \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c 71\u060c 182\u2013221.<br data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1610\" \/>Al-Sayed, Magda Mostafa (2010). The Effectiveness of a Proposed Program for Developing Critical Thinking Skills among Student Teachers in Art Education and Its Impact on Some Educational Outcomes among Pupils. <em data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"1859\">Studies in Curriculum and Instruction<\/em>, 71, 182\u2013221.<br data-start=\"1873\" data-end=\"1876\" \/><strong data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"1882\">7.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062f\u061b \u0622\u0644 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a. (2021). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c 29(2)\u060c 646\u2013669.<br data-start=\"2000\" data-end=\"2003\" \/>Al-Shammari, Afaf Aliwi Saad; Al-Rasheed, Haya Mu\u2018jab Mahdi (2021). Critical Thinking. <em data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2130\">Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing<\/em>, 29(2), 646\u2013669.<br data-start=\"2147\" data-end=\"2150\" \/><strong data-start=\"2150\" data-end=\"2156\">8.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d. (2021). \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 5(37)\u060c 20\u201349.<br data-start=\"2395\" data-end=\"2398\" \/>Al-Tarawneh, Sadiqah Awad Falah (2021). The Degree of Availability of Critical Thinking Skills among Arabic Language Teachers in the Directorates of Education in Karak Governorate, Jordan. <em data-start=\"2587\" data-end=\"2643\">Arab Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences<\/em>, 5(37), 20\u201349.<br data-start=\"2658\" data-end=\"2661\" \/><strong data-start=\"2661\" data-end=\"2667\">9.<\/strong> \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2009). \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631. \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"2752\" data-end=\"2755\" \/>Ghaem, Mahmoud Mohammed (2009). <em data-start=\"2787\" data-end=\"2822\">Introduction to Teaching Thinking<\/em>. Amman: Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution.<br data-start=\"2878\" data-end=\"2881\" \/><strong data-start=\"2881\" data-end=\"2888\">10.<\/strong> \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. (2008). \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<br data-start=\"3002\" data-end=\"3005\" \/>Fathallah, Munawwar Abdel-Salam (2008). <em data-start=\"3045\" data-end=\"3122\">Developing Thinking Skills: Theoretical Framework and Practical Application<\/em>. Riyadh: International Publishing House.<br data-start=\"3163\" data-end=\"3166\" \/><strong data-start=\"3166\" data-end=\"3173\">11.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2023). \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637)\u060c 39(8)\u060c 146\u2013181.<br data-start=\"3383\" data-end=\"3386\" \/>Al-Qahtani, Ameera Mohammed; Al-Jabr, Jabr Mohammed (2023). The Level of Knowledge of Teaching Practices Based on Critical Thinking Skills among Middle School Science Teachers. <em data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3620\">Journal of the Faculty of Education \u2013 Assiut University<\/em>, 39(8), 146\u2013181.<br data-start=\"3637\" data-end=\"3640\" \/><strong data-start=\"3640\" data-end=\"3647\">12.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2008). \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f.<br data-start=\"3848\" data-end=\"3851\" \/>Al-Lazzam, Ibrahim Mohammed (2008). The Effect of a Proposed Program Based on the Theory of Multiple Intelligences on Science Achievement and Critical Thinking Skills among Second Intermediate Grade Students. Master\u2019s Thesis, College of Education, King Saud University.<br data-start=\"4120\" data-end=\"4123\" \/><strong data-start=\"4123\" data-end=\"4130\">13.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 4(1)\u060c 1\u201321.<br data-start=\"4272\" data-end=\"4275\" \/>Al-Mahlawi, Rasha Saleh Hussein (2022). Critical Thinking and Learning Skills in the Digital Age: Reality and Expectations. <em data-start=\"4399\" data-end=\"4443\">Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences<\/em>, 4(1), 1\u201321.<br data-start=\"4456\" data-end=\"4459\" \/><strong data-start=\"4459\" data-end=\"4466\">14.<\/strong> \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631. (2024). \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c 23(48)\u060c 380\u2013445.<br data-start=\"4615\" data-end=\"4618\" \/>Manar, Manar (2024). The Role of the Faculty of Education at Alexandria University in Developing Critical Thinking Skills among Its Students: A Field Study. <em data-start=\"4775\" data-end=\"4805\">Educational Research Journal<\/em>, 23(48), 380\u2013445.<br data-start=\"4823\" data-end=\"4826\" \/><strong data-start=\"4826\" data-end=\"4833\">15.<\/strong> \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (2024). \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 40(9)\u060c 141\u2013180.<br data-start=\"4992\" data-end=\"4995\" \/>Naji, Abdulrahman (2024). The Extent to Which Arabic Language Teachers Employ Thinking Skills and Creative Supporting Activities in Their Teaching. <em data-start=\"5143\" data-end=\"5180\">Journal of the Faculty of Education<\/em>, 40(9), 141\u2013180.<br data-start=\"5197\" data-end=\"5200\" \/><strong data-start=\"5200\" data-end=\"5207\">16.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2024). \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 14(2)\u060c 80\u201393.<br data-start=\"5403\" data-end=\"5406\" \/>Al-Najjar, Al-Mahdi Ali (2024). Difficulties in Applying Critical Thinking Skills in Teaching Arabic at the Basic Education Stage from the Perspective of Teachers in Misrata. <em data-start=\"5581\" data-end=\"5622\">Sirte University Journal for Humanities<\/em>, 14(2), 80\u201393.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Waddington, D. I., Wade, C. A., &amp; Persson, T. (2015). Strategies for teaching students to think critically: A meta-analysis.\u00a0<em>Review of Educational Research<\/em>,\u00a0<em>85<\/em>(2), 275-314.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alruwaili, A. R. (2024). Barriers to promoting critical thinking skills: an empirical study of female pre-service English teachers\u2019 perceptions in Jouf University in Saudi Arabia.\u00a0<em>SAGE Open<\/em>,\u00a0<em>14<\/em>(1), 21582440241227775.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Assaly, I., &amp; Jabarin, A. (2024). Arab Israeli EFL teachers\u2019 perceptions and practices vis-\u00e0-vis teaching higher-order thinking skills: A complicated relationship.\u00a0<em>Language Teaching Research<\/em>,\u00a0<em>28<\/em>(4), 1635-1655.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cui, R., &amp; Teo, P. (2023). Thinking through talk: Using dialogue to develop students\u2019 critical thinking.\u00a0<em>Teaching and Teacher Education<\/em>, 125, 125.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dumitru, D., &amp; Halpern, D. F. (2023). Critical thinking: Creating job-proof skills for the future of work.\u00a0<em>Journal of Intelligence<\/em>,\u00a0<em>11<\/em>(10), 194.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., &amp; Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century.\u00a0<em>Thinking Skills and Creativity<\/em>,\u00a0<em>12<\/em>, 43-52.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ennis, R. (1992). <em>Critical thinking: What is it? Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Philosophy of Education Society<\/em>. Denver, Colorado, 27-30.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ennis, R.H., &amp; Weir, E. (1985). <em>The Ennis-Weir critical thinking essay test<\/em>. Midwest Publications.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Facione, P. (1990). <em>Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction<\/em> (The Delphi Report).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Facione, P. A., Facione, N. C., Blohm, S. W., &amp; Giancarlo, C. A. F. (2002).\u00a0<em>The California critical thinking skills test: CCTST<\/em>. San Jose, CA: California Academic Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hitchcock, D. (2020). Critical thinking. In Zalta E. N. (Co Ed.),\u00a0<em>The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (fall 2020 edition)<\/em>. The metaphysics research lab, Stanford University.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Leach, S. M., Immekus, J. C., French, B. F., &amp; Hand, B. (2020). The factorial validity of the Cornell Critical Thinking Tests: A multi-analytic approach.\u00a0<em>Thinking Skills and Creativity<\/em>,\u00a0<em>37<\/em>, 100676.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Li, L. (2016). Thinking skills and creativity in second language education: Where are we now?\u00a0<em>Thinking Skills and Creativity, 22<\/em>, 267\u2013272.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lim, T. K. (1998). Ascertaining the critical thinking and formal reasoning skills of students.\u00a0<em>Research in Education<\/em>,\u00a0<em>59<\/em>(1), 9-18.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lorencov\u00e1, H., Jaro\u0161ov\u00e1, E., Avgitidou, S., &amp; Dimitriadou, C. (2019). Critical thinking practices in teacher education programmes: A systematic review.\u00a0<em>Studies in Higher Education, 44<\/em>(5), 844\u2013859.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Moore, B.N., &amp; Parker, R. (2009). <em>Critical Thinking, 9th ed<\/em>. New York: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nor, H. M., &amp; Sihes, A. J. (2022). Critical Thinking in Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language; Teacher\u2019s Competence.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences<\/em>,\u00a0<em>12<\/em>(9).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Paul, R. W. (1989). Critical thinking in North America: A new theory of knowledge, learning, and literacy.\u00a0<em>Argumentation<\/em>,\u00a0<em>3<\/em>(2), 197-235.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ramer, C. A. (1999).\u00a0<em>The influence of the Jefferson-Centennial Practicum on the self-efficacy of five social studies student teachers<\/em>. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ross, J.D. (1976). <em>Ross Test of Higher Cognitive Processes: Statistical Supplement.<\/em> Academic Therapy Publications.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rusmin, L., Misrahayu, Y., Pongpalilu, F., Radiansyah, R., &amp; Dwiyanto, D. (2024). Critical thinking and problem-solving skills in the 21st century.\u00a0<em>Journal of Social Science<\/em>,\u00a0<em>1<\/em>(5), 144-162.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Walser, N. (2008). Teaching 21st century skills.\u00a0<em>Harvard Education Letter<\/em>,\u00a0<em>24<\/em>(5), 1-3.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wang, D., &amp; Jia, Q. (2023). Twenty years of research development on teachers\u2019 critical thinking: Current status and future implications\u2014A bibliometric analysis of research articles collected in WOS.\u00a0<em>Thinking Skills and Creativity, 48<\/em>, 48.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Watson, G. (1980).\u00a0<em>Watson-Glaser critical thinking appraisal<\/em>\u00a0(Vol. 3). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wilson, K. (2016). Critical reading, critical thinking: Delicate scaffolding in English for Academic Purposes (EAP).\u00a0<em>Thinking Skills and Creativity<\/em>, <em>22<\/em>, 256\u2013265.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yuan, R. (2023). Cultivating CT-oriented teachers in pre-service teacher education: What is there and what is missing?.\u00a0<em>Teachers &amp; Teaching<\/em>, 1\u201322.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yuan, R., &amp; Stapleton, P. (2020). Student teachers\u2019 perceptions of critical thinking and its teaching.\u00a0<em>ELT Journal<\/em>,<em> 74<\/em>(1), 40\u201348.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yuan, R., Liao, W., Wang, Z., Kong, J., &amp; Zhang, Y. (2022). How do English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) teachers perceive and engage with critical thinking: A systematic review from 2010 to 2020.\u00a0<em>Thinking Skills and Creativity, 43<\/em>, 43.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15949","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15949","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15949"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15949\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16199,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15949\/revisions\/16199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15949"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}