{"id":15872,"date":"2026-01-31T22:46:41","date_gmt":"2026-01-31T22:46:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15872"},"modified":"2026-01-31T22:46:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-31T22:46:42","slug":"7-2-31","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-2-31\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Selective Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Waste into Transportation Fuels via Tailored Mesoporous\u2013Acidic Catalysts<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Basheir Mohammed Mustafa Abdellah<sup>1<\/sup>*, Ibrahim Hassan Mohamed Elamin<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup>  Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan<\/p><p>*Corresponding author e-mail: mohammed_basheir@yahoo.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj72\/31' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj72\/31<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/72\/31' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/72\/31<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (7) Issue (2). Pages:<\/strong> 523 - 541<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2026-01-10 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2026-01-20 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2026-02-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue2\/7-2-31.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.title_ar || m.title_en || '') : (m.title_en || m.title_ar || '');\r\n    const journal = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.journal_ar || m.journal_en || '') : (m.journal_en || m.journal_ar || '');\r\n    const authors = splitAuthors((langKey === 'ar') ? (m.authors_ar || m.authors_en || '') : (m.authors_en || m.authors_ar || ''));\r\n\r\n    let ris = '';\r\n    ris += 'TY  - JOUR\\n';\r\n    if (title)   ris += 'TI  - ' + title + '\\n';\r\n    authors.forEach(a => { ris += 'AU  - ' + a + '\\n'; });\r\n    if (journal) ris += 'JO  - ' + journal + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.year)  ris += 'PY  - ' + m.year + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.volume)ris += 'VL  - ' + m.volume + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.issue) ris += 'IS  - ' + m.issue + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.doi)   ris += 'DO  - ' + m.doi + '\\n';\r\n    if (m.url)   ris += 'UR  - ' + m.url + '\\n';\r\n    ris += 'ER  - \\n';\r\n    return ris;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildBibTeX(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.title_ar || m.title_en || '') : (m.title_en || m.title_ar || '');\r\n    const journal = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.journal_ar || m.journal_en || '') : (m.journal_en || m.journal_ar || '');\r\n    const authorStr = (langKey === 'ar') ? (m.authors_ar || m.authors_en || '') : (m.authors_en || m.authors_ar || '');\r\n\r\n    const keyBase = slugifyFileName(m.doi || title || 'hnsj');\r\n    const key = (keyBase || 'hnsj').slice(0, 40);\r\n\r\n    let bib = '';\r\n    bib += '@article{' + key + ',\\n';\r\n    if (title)      bib += '  title = {' + title + '},\\n';\r\n    if (authorStr)  bib += '  author = {' + authorStr + '},\\n';\r\n    if (journal)    bib += '  journal = {' + journal + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.year)     bib += '  year = {' + m.year + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.volume)   bib += '  volume = {' + m.volume + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.issue)    bib += '  number = {' + m.issue + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.doi)      bib += '  doi = {' + m.doi + '},\\n';\r\n    if (m.url)      bib += '  url = {' + m.url + '},\\n';\r\n    bib = bib.replace(\/,\\n$\/, '\\n');\r\n    bib += '}\\n';\r\n    return bib;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function initHnsjCite(root){\r\n    if(!root) return;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Guard: do not bind twice\r\n    if (root.dataset.hnsjInited === '1') return;\r\n    root.dataset.hnsjInited = '1';\r\n\r\n    const openBtn = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-open]');\r\n    const modal   = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-modal]');\r\n    const back    = root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-backdrop]');\r\n    const closeBtn= root.querySelector('[data-hnsj-close]');\r\n\r\n    const tabs    = modal.querySelectorAll('.hnsj-tab');\r\n    const select  = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-style]');\r\n    const box     = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-box]');\r\n    const copyBtn = modal.querySelector('[data-hnsj-copy]');\r\n    const dlBtns  = modal.querySelectorAll('[data-hnsj-dl]');\r\n\r\n    let lang = 'en';\r\n    let citEn = {};\r\n    let citAr = {};\r\n    let meta = {};\r\n\r\n    function parseData(){\r\n      try{ citEn = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-cit-en') || '{}'); }catch(e){ citEn = {}; }\r\n      try{ citAr = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-cit-ar') || '{}'); }catch(e){ citAr = {}; }\r\n      try{ meta  = JSON.parse(modal.getAttribute('data-meta')  || '{}'); }catch(e){ meta = {}; }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function setLang(newLang){\r\n      lang = newLang;\r\n      tabs.forEach(t => t.classList.toggle('active', t.dataset.lang === lang));\r\n\r\n      const data = (lang === 'ar') ? citAr : citEn;\r\n      const styles = Object.keys(data);\r\n\r\n      select.innerHTML = '';\r\n      styles.forEach(st => {\r\n        const opt = document.createElement('option');\r\n        opt.value = st;\r\n        opt.textContent = st;\r\n        select.appendChild(opt);\r\n      });\r\n\r\n      box.dir = (lang === 'ar') ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';\r\n      box.style.textAlign = (lang === 'ar') ? 'right' : 'left';\r\n\r\n      if(styles.length){\r\n        select.value = styles[0];\r\n        box.value = data[styles[0]] || '';\r\n      } else {\r\n        box.value = '';\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function openModal(){\r\n      parseData();\r\n      back.style.display = 'block';\r\n      modal.style.display = 'block';\r\n      document.body.style.overflow = 'hidden';\r\n      setLang('en');\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function closeModal(){\r\n      back.style.display = 'none';\r\n      modal.style.display = 'none';\r\n      document.body.style.overflow = '';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function onStyleChange(){\r\n      const data = (lang === 'ar') ? citAr : citEn;\r\n      box.value = data[select.value] || '';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    async function copyCitation(){\r\n      try{\r\n        await navigator.clipboard.writeText(box.value || '');\r\n      }catch(e){\r\n        box.focus(); box.select();\r\n        document.execCommand('copy');\r\n      }\r\n      const old = copyBtn.textContent;\r\n      copyBtn.textContent = (lang === 'ar') ? '\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u2713' : 'Copied \u2713';\r\n      setTimeout(()=> copyBtn.textContent = old, 1200);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    openBtn.addEventListener('click', openModal);\r\n    closeBtn.addEventListener('click', closeModal);\r\n    back.addEventListener('click', closeModal);\r\n\r\n    tabs.forEach(t => t.addEventListener('click', ()=> setLang(t.dataset.lang)));\r\n    select.addEventListener('change', onStyleChange);\r\n    copyBtn.addEventListener('click', copyCitation);\r\n\r\n    dlBtns.forEach(btn => {\r\n      btn.addEventListener('click', function(){\r\n        parseData();\r\n        const kind = btn.getAttribute('data-hnsj-dl'); \/\/ ris or bib\r\n        const langKey = lang || 'en';\r\n        const base = slugifyFileName(meta.doi || meta.title_en || meta.title_ar || 'citation');\r\n\r\n        if (kind === 'ris') {\r\n          downloadTextFile(base + '.ris', buildRIS(meta, langKey), 'application\/x-research-info-systems;charset=utf-8');\r\n        } else {\r\n          downloadTextFile(base + '.bib', buildBibTeX(meta, langKey), 'application\/x-bibtex;charset=utf-8');\r\n        }\r\n      });\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    document.addEventListener('keydown', (e)=>{\r\n      if(e.key === 'Escape' && modal.style.display === 'block') closeModal();\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function bootHnsjCite(){\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('[data-hnsj-cite-root]').forEach(initHnsjCite);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Run now if DOM already ready, otherwise wait\r\n  if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bootHnsjCite);\r\n  } else {\r\n    bootHnsjCite();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Also handle late injected content (builders\/cache)\r\n  const obs = new MutationObserver(() => bootHnsjCite());\r\n  obs.observe(document.documentElement, { childList: true, subtree: true });\r\n\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<div data-hnsj-cite-root id='hnsjCite_25297'>\r\n  <button type='button' class='hnsj-cite-btn' data-hnsj-open>\r\n    <span>\ud83d\udccc<\/span><span>Cite this article<\/span>\r\n  <\/button>\r\n\r\n  <div class='hnsj-modal-backdrop' data-hnsj-backdrop><\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class='hnsj-modal' data-hnsj-modal data-meta='{&quot;authors_en&quot;:&quot;Basheir Mohammed Mustafa Abdellah, Ibrahim Hassan Mohamed Elamin&quot;,&quot;authors_ar&quot;:&quot;Basheir Mohammed Mustafa Abdellah*, Ibrahim Hassan Mohamed Elamin&quot;,&quot;title_en&quot;:&quot;Selective Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Waste into Transportation Fuels via Tailored Mesoporous\u2013Acidic Catalysts&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2026&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;7&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-2-31\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2026-02-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Abdellah B. M. M, Elamin I. H. M. (2026). Selective Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Waste into Transportation Fuels via Tailored Mesoporous\u2013Acidic Catalysts. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(2). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Basheir Mohammed Mustafa Abdellah, Ibrahim Hassan Mohamed Elamin. 2026. \\&quot;Selective Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Waste into Transportation Fuels via Tailored Mesoporous\u2013Acidic Catalysts.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 2. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Abdellah B. M. M, Elamin I. H. M. 2026. Selective Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Waste into Transportation Fuels via Tailored Mesoporous\u2013Acidic Catalysts. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-02-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 7(2). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-2-31\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Abdellah B. M. M, Elamin I. H. M. Selective Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Waste into Transportation Fuels via Tailored Mesoporous\u2013Acidic Catalysts. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-02-01; 7(2). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Abdellah B. M. M, Elamin I. H. M, \\&quot;Selective Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Waste into Transportation Fuels via Tailored Mesoporous\u2013Acidic Catalysts,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Basheir Mohammed Mustafa Abdellah, Ibrahim Hassan Mohamed Elamin. \\&quot;Selective Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Waste into Transportation Fuels via Tailored Mesoporous\u2013Acidic Catalysts.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026-02-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Abdellah B. M. M, Elamin I. H. M. (2026). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(2). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Abdellah Basheir Mohammed Mustafa, Elamin Ibrahim Hassan Mohamed. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(2). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Abdellah B. M. M, Elamin I. H. M. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-02-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-24]. 7(2). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-2-31\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Abdellah B. M. M, Elamin I. H. M. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-02-01\u061b 7(2). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Abdellah B. M. M, Elamin I. H. M. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 2\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Abdellah Basheir Mohammed Mustafa, Elamin Ibrahim Hassan Mohamed. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 2\u060c 2026-02-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj72\\\/31&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> The rapid accumulation of polyethylene-based plastic waste presents a dual environmental challenge and an underutilized carbon resource. In this study, a selective catalytic pyrolysis strategy is developed to convert LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE into targeted transportation fuels by rational catalyst design. Three mesoporous\u2013acidic catalysts with distinct structural and chemical functionalities (Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082, ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084, and Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083) were synthesized via sol\u2013gel routes and evaluated under identical reaction conditions. Product selectivity was governed by catalyst composition, metal functionality, and pore architecture, as inferred from textural properties and catalytic performance trends. Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082 exhibited a product distribution dominated by (C8 \u2013 C16) jet-range hydrocarbons, suggesting moderate cracking severity compared to the other catalysts, ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084 enhanced (C4 \u2013 C12) gasoline formation through intensified \u03b2-scission and isomerization, while Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083 promoted (C12 \u2013 C20) diesel-range fractions via moderated cracking of long-chain intermediates. The resulting fuels exhibited physicochemical properties comparable to refinery-derived counterparts. This work demonstrates that catalyst-driven selectivity enables direct production of fuel-specific fractions from plastic waste, providing a scalable and conceptually transferable pathway for waste-to-energy conversion.<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Polyethylene waste, catalytic pyrolysis, mesoporous catalysts, fuel selectivity, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (LDPE)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a (LLDPE)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (HDPE) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a.\r\n\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629 (Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082\u060c \u0648ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084\u060c \u0648Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0644\u2013\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a.\r\n\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a (C8\u2013C16)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 (C4\u2013C12) \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u03b2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083  \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 (C12\u2013C20) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.\r\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plastic waste accumulation has emerged as a critical global environmental concern, driven primarily by the widespread use of polyolefin-based materials such as polyethylene. Conventional disposal routes, including landfilling and uncontrolled combustion, result in persistent pollution and the loss of valuable hydrocarbon resources. In parallel, increasing pressure on fossil fuel reserves has motivated research into alternative carbon feedstocks for fuel production.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thermal pyrolysis of polyethylene is a well-established approach; however, it typically produces a broad and poorly controlled hydrocarbon distribution, necessitating extensive downstream upgrading. Catalytic pyrolysis offers a promising alternative by enabling lower reaction temperatures and improved product selectivity. Despite significant progress, precise control over fuel-range selectivity\u2014directing products toward gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel fractions\u2014remains a major challenge.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Recent studies have highlighted the importance of catalyst acidity, pore size distribution, and metal functionality in governing polymer chain scission pathways. Nevertheless, most reported systems emphasize overall liquid yield rather than intrinsic selectivity toward specific transportation fuels. Addressing this gap requires catalyst architectures that directly control cracking severity and secondary reactions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Herein, we propose a catalyst-driven selectivity strategy for polyethylene pyrolysis. By designing mesoporous\u2013acidic catalysts with tailored structural and chemical features, we demonstrate controlled conversion of LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE into gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbons under identical operating conditions. The relationship between catalyst properties and product distribution is systematically analyzed, and the resulting fuels are benchmarked against conventional refinery products.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unlike previous studies on ZSM-5 and MCM-41 which focuses primarily on maximizing liquid yield, this work emphasizes tailored mesoporous acidic catalysts to selectively control the distribution of transportation of fuel ranges (gasoline, jet, diesel) from polyethylene pyrolysis. The direct correlation between catalyst structural properties (porosity, acidity) and product selectivity distinguishes this approach from earlier catalytic systems.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Experimental Section<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.1 Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Post-consumer LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE wastes were collected, cleaned, and shredded prior to use. Catalyst precursors included sodium silicate, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, cobalt nitrate, nickel nitrate, ammonium molybdate, ruthenium chloride, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTAB), ammonia and Helium gases.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2 Catalyst Synthesis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Three catalysts were synthesized via sol\u2013gel methods designed to achieve controlled mesoporosity and acidity:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082: Prepared to combine mesoporous structure with moderate acidity and metal dispersion, aiming to limit secondary cracking.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084: Designed to integrate strong Br\u00f8nsted acidity and magnetic functionality, enhancing \u03b2-scission and isomerization reactions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083: Formulated to provide balanced acidity and hydrogen-transfer capability, favoring diesel-range hydrocarbons.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">All catalysts were calcined in air to remove organic templates and stabilize the pore structure.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>: 5% Ru, ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>: 8% ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> and 3% Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>, Co-Mo-Ni-MCM-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> 5% Co, 3% Mo, 2% Ni.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The pH during synthesis for Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> is 10, for ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> is 3, whereas for Co-Mo-Ni-MCM-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> is 6.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The ageing for Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> is 18 h, for ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> is 9 h, whereas for Co-Mo-Ni-MCM-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> is 21 h.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2.1 Impregnation conditions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The solvent is a mixture of water and ethanol, the concentration is 1 M, the temperature 70<sup>o <\/sup>C, the stirring is slow.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3 Catalyst Characterization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Textural properties of the synthesized catalysts were evaluated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, at 77 K using a Micrometrics ASAP-type analyzer. Prior to analysis samples were degassed under vacuum at 300<sup>o<\/sup>C for 4h to remove physiosorbed species.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The specific surface area was calculated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method in the relative pressure range of 0.05 to 0.3 by using equation 1 and MATLAB program, while pore size distributions and volume size distribution were derived from the desorption branch using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model and estimated by Kelvin equation (equation2).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1219\" height=\"524\" class=\"wp-image-15882\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-1.png 1219w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-1-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-1-1024x440.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-1-768x330.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-1-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1219px) 100vw, 1219px\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1256\" height=\"531\" class=\"wp-image-15883\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-2.png 1256w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-2-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-2-1024x433.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-2-768x325.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-2-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1256px) 100vw, 1256px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4 Acidity characteristics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It was determined by temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH<sub>3<\/sub>-TPD). Approximately 100 mg of catalyst was pretreated under helium flow at 500<sup> o<\/sup>C for 1 h, followed by ammonia adsorption at 100 <sup>o<\/sup>C. physisorbed NH<sub>3<\/sub> was removed by flushing with helium and desorption was carried out from 100 to 800<sup> o<\/sup>C at a heating rate of 10<sup>o<\/sup>C. The NH<sub>3<\/sub> desorption profiles were used to qualitatively and semi-quantitatively asses total acidity and acid strength distribution.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Crystalline structure and phase composition were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Cu K\u03b1 radiation (\u03bb = 1.5406<sup>o<\/sup>A) in the 2\u03b8 range of 5-80<sup>o<\/sup>. The diffraction patterns were used to confirm the presence of mesostructured silica frameworks and metal oxide phases, as well as to assess the degree of crystallinity of the ZSM-5 component.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4.1 Reusability:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The catalysts can be used reused several times depending on its stability<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> can be used up to four times, and ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084 up three times, whereas Co-Mo-Ni-mcm-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> can be used up to five times. Using of each catalyst more than the mentioned times mentioned leads to loss the activity.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Catalyst activity is calculated by the following equation:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2<strong>.5 Catalytic Pyrolysis Experiments<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor under controlled heating (15 K min\u207b\u00b9) at 450\u00b0C. Each 1 kg of polyethylene type was processed at residence time 40 minutes using each catalyst under identical conditions to isolate catalyst effects. Condensed vapors were collected as liquid products, while non-condensable gases were vented.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The percentage of catalyst to polyethylene waste are 0.25:1 for all three types of the catalysts.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The experiment without catalyst produces one type of fuel whereas using catalysts produced different types of fuel.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.6 Product Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Liquid products were analyzed by GC\u2013MS equipped with a non-polar DP-1 capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm). Hydrocarbon fractions were classified based on carbon number distribution into gasoline (C<sub>5<\/sub>-C<sub>12<\/sub>), jet (C<sub>8<\/sub>-C<sub>16<\/sub>) and diesel (C<sub>12<\/sub>-C<sub>20<\/sub>) ranges following standard fuel classification criteria.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Selectivity is the ratio of the desired product to the total products formed. High selectivity indicates the catalyst&#8217;s efficiency i producing the desired product.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.7 Measurements Techniques used:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Surface Area and Porosity Analysis:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller): Measures surface area.<\/li>\n<li>BJH (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda): Pore size distribution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. Acidity Analysis:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>NH<sub>3<\/sub>-TPD (Temperature-Programmed-Desorption): Measures acidity ad acid site strength.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. Structural Analysis:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>XRD (X-Ray Diffraction): Determines crystalline phase and particle size.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. Product Analysis:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>GC-MS (Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry): Identifies hydrocarbon product composition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1 Catalyst Textural Properties<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">All catalysts exhibited high surface areas (500\u2013800 m\u00b2 g\u207b\u00b9) and microporous, mesoporous or mixture of microporous and mesoporous structures. Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082 showed moderate pore diameters (1.2 to 18 nm) ad surface area of 600 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/g conducive to controlled cracking and has medium acidity at peaks 0.3 and 0.4 mmol\/g, while ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084 displayed combined micro\u2013mesoporosity (1.2 nm) and surface area of 800 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/g, enhancing cracking severity has highest acidity and strongest acid site at peaks at 0.2, 0.42 and 0.64 mmol\/g. Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083 exhibited uniform mesopores (2 to 18 nm) and surface area of 500 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/g suitable for long-chain hydrocarbon formation, has moderate acidity with hydrogen transfer capability at peak 0.5 mmol\/g.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2 Structural and Acidity Considerations:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The NH<sub>3<\/sub>-TPD profiles revealed distinct acidity distributions among the catalysts. ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> exhibited the highest total acidity and a significant fraction of strong acid sites, consistent with its enhanced gasoline-range selectivity via intensified \u03b2-scission reactions. XRD exhibited ZSM-5 diffraction pattern with ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> and Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> nanoparticles.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In contrast Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> showed predominately medium-strength acid sites, favoring controlled cracking and jet-range hydrocarbons. XRD exhibited MCM-41 diffraction pattern with Ru and ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> nanoparticles on the surface.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Co-Mo-Ni-mcm-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> displayed moderate acidity combined with metal-assisted hydrogen transfer capability. Suppressing excessive cracking and promoting diesel-range fractions. XRD exhibited MCM-41 diffraction pattern with Co, Mo, and Ni nanoparticles on the surface.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15884\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-ees-jpg-catalyst-1-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\EES\\\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 jpg\\catalyst -1.tif\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 1. Acidity characteristics of the catalyst ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15885\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-ees-jpg-catalyst-2-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\EES\\\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 jpg\\catalyst -2.tif\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 2. Acidity characteristics of the catalyst Co-Mo-Ni-MCM-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15886\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-ees-jpg-catalyst-3-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\EES\\\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 jpg\\catalyst -3.tif\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 3. Acidity characteristics of the catalyst Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15887\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-ees-jpg-xrd-1-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\EES\\\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 jpg\\XRD -1.tif\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 4. XRD analysis for the catalyst ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15888\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-ees-jpg-xrd-2-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\EES\\\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 jpg\\XRD -2.tif\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 5. XRD analysis for the catalyst Co-Mo-Ni-MCM-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15889\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-ees-jpg-xrd-3-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\EES\\\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 jpg\\XRD -3.tif\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 6. XRD analysis for the catalyst Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 1. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BET surface area and BJH pore size distribution for the catalyst ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O<sub>4<\/sub>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>P\/P<sub>0<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>V (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>(kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>r (nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206V (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206r(nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206V\/\u2206r (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/kg.nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.320<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.39<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.417<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.097<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>169.07*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>49.2*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.58<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.506<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.089<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>184.27*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>65.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.569<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.090<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>182.22*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>82.0*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.692<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.096<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>170.83*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>98.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.797<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.105<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>156.19*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>131.2*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.08<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.046<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>131.2*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>164*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6.10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.384<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.337<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>97.33*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>196*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>7.61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.878<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.494<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>66.40*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>229*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.690<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.812<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>40.39*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>262.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15.24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.299<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.609<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.39*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.90<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>295.2*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30.80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>9.105<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.806<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6.82*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15890\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-fuels-analysis-picture-1-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\FUELS ANALYSIS\\picture (1).tif\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 7. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BET surface area for the catalyst ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15891\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-fuels-analysis-picture-1-1-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\FUELS ANALYSIS\\picture-1.1.tif\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 8. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BJH pore size distribution for the catalyst ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 2. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BET surface area and BJH pore size distribution for the catalyst <\/strong>Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>P\/P<sub>0<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>V (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/g)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>(kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>r (nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206V (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/g)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206r (nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206V\/\u2206r (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/kg.nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.2*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.320<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.5*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.417<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.097<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>106.19*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.73<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.506<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.089<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>115.73*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>41.1*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6.08<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.569<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.090<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>114.44*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>51.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6.49<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.692<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.096<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>107.29*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>61.7*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6.96<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.797<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.105<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>98.10*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>82.1*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.046<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>82.40*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>102.5*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>9.76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.384<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.337<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>61.13*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>122.9*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.878<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.494<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>41.70*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>143.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16.27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.690<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.812<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>25.37*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>163.7*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.299<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.609<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.80*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.90<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>184.1*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>49.38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>9.105<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.806<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.29*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15892\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-fuels-analysis-picture-2-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\FUELS ANALYSIS\\picture (2).tif\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 9. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BET surface area for the catalyst Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15893\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-fuels-analysis-picture-2-2-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\FUELS ANALYSIS\\picture-2.2.tif\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 10. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BJH pore size distribution for the catalyst Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 3. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BET surface area and BJH pore size distribution for the catalyst Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>P\/P<sub>0<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>V (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>(kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>r (nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206V (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206r (nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u2206V\/\u2206r (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/kg.nm)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.320<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.52<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.417<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.097<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>126.80*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>36.9*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.506<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.089<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>138.20*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>49.2*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.08<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.569<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.090<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>136.67*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>61.5*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.692<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.096<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>128.13*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>73.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.797<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.3*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.105<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>117.14*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>98.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.046<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>49.20*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>123*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8.13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.384<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.337<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>36.50*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>147.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.878<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.494<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.90*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>172.2*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>13.54<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.690<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.812<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15.15*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>196.8*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20.33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.299<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.609<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>7.64*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>0.90<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>221.4*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>41.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>9.105<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24.6*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.806<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.56*10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15894\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-fuels-analysis-picture-3-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\FUELS ANALYSIS\\picture (3).tif\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 11. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BET surface area for the catalyst<\/strong> <strong>Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15895\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/e-fuels-analysis-picture-3-3-tif.tiff\" alt=\"E:\\FUELS ANALYSIS\\picture-3.3.tif\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 12. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at 77 K to determine BJH pore size distribution for the catalyst<\/strong> <strong>Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3 Product Distribution and Fuel Selectivity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Distinct selectivity patterns were observed depending on catalyst type. Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082 favored C\u2088\u2013C\u2081\u2086 hydrocarbons corresponding to jet fuel, attributed to moderate acidity that yields high selectivity of 68%. ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084 produced higher proportions of C\u2085\u2013C\u2081\u2082 gasoline-range hydrocarbons with a high selectivity of 72% due to enhanced \u03b2-scission and isomerization within acidic micropores. Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083 promoted C\u2081\u2082\u2013C\u2082\u2080 diesel-range products, consistent with controlled cracking and hydrogen transfer reactions with a high selectivity of 70%.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4 Structure\u2013Performance Relationship<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The observed selectivity trends highlight the critical role of catalyst architecture. Mesoporosity facilitates polymer diffusion, while acidity and metal functionality determine chain scission pathways. By balancing these parameters, intrinsic control over fuel-range distribution is achieved without post-separation upgrading.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.5 Fuel Quality Assessment<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The produced fuels exhibited physicochemical properties comparable to refinery-derived gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. Octane and cetane numbers, flash points, and freezing points fell within acceptable ranges as in tables 15 to 23, confirming practical applicability.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The reported fuel properties are presented for comparative assessment with refinery benchmarks, and minor deviations fall within acceptable experimental uncertainty ranges.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table.4 Comparison with published studies<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Catalyst<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Main product<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Selectivity %<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>Reference<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>ZrO\u2082\/ZSM-5\/Fe\u2083O\u2084<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gasoline<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>This study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ru\u2013MCM-41\/ZrO\u2082<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Jet fuel<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>This study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Co\u2013Mo\u2013Ni\u2013MCM-41\/Al\u2082O\u2083<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Diesel<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>This study<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>HZSM-5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gasoline<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>50 \u2013 60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>[Smith et al., 2020]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Pt\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Diesel<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>40 \u2013 50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>[Johnson et al., 2019]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 5. Mass Balance of HDPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.251<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.029<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 6. Mass Balance of LLDPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 7. Mass Balance of LDPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using ZrO<sub>2<\/sub>\/ZSM-5\/Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>71<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 8. Mass Balance of HDPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using Co-Mo-Ni-MCM-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>27.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 9. Mass Balance of LLPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using Co-Mo-Ni-MCM-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>26<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 10. Mass Balance of LDPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using Co-Mo-Ni-MCM-41\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 12. Mass Balance of HDPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>27.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 13. Mass Balance of LLDPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 14. Mass Balance of LDPE Catalytic Pyrolysis using Ru-MCM-41\/ZrO<sub>2<\/sub> <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Feed (kg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Liquid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gas (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Solid (%)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 15: Gasoline from LLDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gasoline from plastic waste (LLDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gasoline from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Distillation<\/p>\n<p>(initial boiling to final boiling point) (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>34-193<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>33-193<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>784<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>788.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Octane number<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>89<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>89-93<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total acid number (TAN), mg KOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Water content, ppm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt;0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Carbon residue, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ash content, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Macro carbon, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Stability (<sup>0<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>822-827<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>822 \u2013 825<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vapor pressure kPa<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>53 \u2013 60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 16: Gasoline from LDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend of Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gasoline from plastic waste (LDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gasoline from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Distillation<\/p>\n<p>(initial boiling to final boiling point) (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30-195<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>33-193<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>787<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>788.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Octane number<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>91<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>89-93<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total acid number (TAN), mg KOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Water content, ppm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt;0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Carbon residue, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.07<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ash content, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Macro carbon, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt;0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Stability <sup>0<\/sup>C<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>820-825<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>822 \u2013 825<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vapor pressure kPa<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>53 \u2013 60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 17: Gasoline from HDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gasoline from plastic waste (HDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Gasoline from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Distillation<\/p>\n<p>(initial boiling to final boiling point) (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>30-195<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>33-193<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>790<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>788.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Octane number<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>89-93<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total Acid Number (TAN), mg KOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Water content, ppm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt;0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Carbon residue, %mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.08<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ash content, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.07<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Macro carbon % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Stability (<sup>0<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>821-826<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>822 \u2013 825<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vapor pressure kPa<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>53 \u2013 60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 18: Diesel from LLDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend of Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Diesel from plastic waste (LLDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Diesel from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Boiling point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>240 \u2013 350<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>288 \u2013 380<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>814<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>827 \u2013 835<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flash point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70 \u2013 85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Kinematic viscosity (mm<sup>2<\/sup>\/s) at 38<sup>o<\/sup> C<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.7 \u2013 4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total Acid Number (TAN) mg KOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cloud point (<strong><sup>o<\/sup><\/strong>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5 \u2013 12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Water content, ppm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Mercaptan, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Carbon residue % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ash content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01 or 0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sulfur content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cetane Number<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>47<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&gt;45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 19: Diesel from LDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Diesel from plastic waste (LDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Diesel from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Distillation (initial boiling point to final boiling point) (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>250 \u2013 360<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>288 \u2013 388<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>833<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>827 \u2013 835<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flash point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>76.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70 \u2013 85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Kinematic viscosity (mm<sup>2<\/sup>\/s) at (38<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.7 \u2013 4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total Acid Number (TAN) mg KOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cloud point (<sup> o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5 \u2013 12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Water content ppm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Mercaptan, %mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Carbon residue % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ash content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01 or0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sulfur content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cetane Number<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>46<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&gt;45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 20: Diesel from HDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend of Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Diesel from plastic waste (HDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Diesel from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Boiling point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>282 \u2013 363<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>288 \u2013 380<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>836<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>827 \u2013 835<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flash point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>75<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>70 \u2013 85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Kinematic viscosity (mm<sup>2<\/sup>\/s) at 38 (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.7 \u2013 4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total Acid Number (TAN) mg KOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cloud point (<sup> o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5 \u2013 12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Water content ,ppm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt; 0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Mercaptan, % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Carbon residue % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ash content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01 or 0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sulfur content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cetane Number<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&gt;45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 21: JET from LLDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Jet from plastic waste (LLDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Jet from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Boiling point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>150 \u2013 258<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>170 \u2013 270<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>722<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>723 \u2013 725<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flash point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>55 \u2013 57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Kinematic viscosity mm<sup>2<\/sup>\/s at 38<sup> o<\/sup>C<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5 or 6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Acidity mgKOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Freezing point (<sup> o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>-57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>-55 or -56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Conductivity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>164<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>157 \u2013 240<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Colour<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+30 \u2013 +33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Aniline point (<sup> o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>55 \u2013 60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gum content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.55 \u2013 0.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sulfur content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 22: JET from LDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Jet from plastic waste (LDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Jet from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Boiling point<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>160 &#8211; 260<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>170 \u2013 270<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>723<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>723 \u2013 725<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flash point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>55 \u2013 57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Kinematic viscosity (mm<sup>2<\/sup>\/s) at (38 <sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5 or 6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Acidity mg KOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Freezing point ( <sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>-56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>-55 or -56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Conductivity S\/m<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>164<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>157 \u2013 240<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Color<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+30 \u2013 +33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Aniline point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>55 \u2013 60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gum content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.58<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.55 \u2013 0.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sulfur content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 23: JET HDPE plastic waste vs Nile blend of Khartoum refinery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>The physical property<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Jet from plastic waste (HDPE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Jet from Khartoum refinery<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Boiling point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>160 \u2013 264<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>170 \u2013 270<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Density kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>731<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>725 \u2013 732<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flash point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>55 \u2013 57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Kinematic viscosity mm<sup>2<\/sup>\/s at 38 <sup>o<\/sup>C<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5 or 6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Acidity mg KOH\/g<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Freezing point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>-57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>-55 or -56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Conductivity S\/m<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>164<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>157 \u2013 240<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Color<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+34<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>+30 \u2013 +33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Aniline point (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>59<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>55 \u2013 60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gum content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.55 \u2013 0.57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sulfur content % mass<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15896\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-15.tiff\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 13. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel) of HDPE Gasoline-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\\ <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15897\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-16.tiff\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 14. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel) of LDPE Gasoline-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15898\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-17.tiff\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 15. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel) of LLDPE Gasoline-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15899\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-18.tiff\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 16. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel)of HDPE Diesel-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15900\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-19.tiff\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 17. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel) of LLDPE Diesel-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15901\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-20.tiff\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 18. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel) of LDPE Diesel-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15902\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-21.tiff\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 19. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel) of HDPE Jet-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15903\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-22.tiff\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 20. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel) of LLDPE Jet-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15904\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/word-image-15872-23.tiff\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Figure 21. Representative Chromatogram (plotted using Excel) of LDPE Jet-Derived hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.6 Measurements uncertainties:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.Surfac area: BET method (\u00b15% m<sup>2<\/sup>\/g).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. Pore size: BJH method (\u00b10.5 m).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. Acidity: NH<sub>3<\/sub>-TPD (\u00b10.1 mmol\/g).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. Product composition: GC-MS (\u00b12%) for major compositions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. Conclusions <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This work demonstrates that selective catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene waste can be achieved through rational catalyst design. By tailoring pore structure, acidity, and metal functionality, fuel-range selectivity is intrinsically controlled. This study highlights the potential of catalyst-driven selectivity in polyethylene pyrolysis through rational catalyst formulation. While comprehensive physiochemical characterization is required for full structure-activity correlation, the present results provide a strong proof of concept for targeted fuel-range production from plastic waste.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The authors acknowledge the University of Science and Technology for supporting this research.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Conflict of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The authors declare no competing interests.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Al-Sabih, A. S.; Al-Sayed, F. Pyrolysis of LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE: Kinetic Study. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2023, 172, 105750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2023.105750.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. Agamuthu, P.; Hashim, S. Waste Management: Concepts, Practices and Sustainability; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2022; pp 145\u2013170, 215\u2013240.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. Kumar, A.; Singh, S. Advanced Catalytic Systems for Fuel Production; Springer: Singapore, 2022; pp 55\u201380, 105\u2013130.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. Li, M.; Wang, Y.; Li, X. Fuel Production from Plastic Waste; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2022.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. Saha, B.; Vedachalam, S.; Agarwal, M.; Dalai, A. K.; Saxena, S.; Dally, B.; Roberts, W. L. Review on Production of Liquid Fuel from Plastic Wastes through Thermal and Catalytic Degradation. J. Energy Inst. 2024, 114, 101661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joei.2024.101661.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">6. Scheirs, J.; Kaminsky, W. Plastic Recycling: Technologies; Wiley: Chichester, U.K., 2022.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">7. Yansaneh, O. Y.; Zein, S. H. Latest Advances in Waste Plastic Pyrolytic Catalysis. Processes 2022, 10 (4), 683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr10040683.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">8. Singh, R.; Kumar, A. Sustainable Fuel Alternatives: Production, Applications and Challenges; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2022; pp 55\u201380, 125\u2013150.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">9. Zhang, J.; Wang, M. Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastics; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2022; pp 125\u2013150, 175\u2013210.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">10. Belrhazi, I.; Sair, S.; Ait Ousaleh, H.; Abdellaoui, Y.; Zahouily, M. Catalytic Transformation of Plastic Waste: Harnessing Zeolite for Enhanced Energy Product Yield in Pyrolysis. Energy Convers. Manag. 2024, 318, 118897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.118897.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">11. Gonz\u00e1lez, Y. S.; Costa, C.; M\u00e1rquez, M. C.; Ramos, P. Thermal and Catalytic Degradation of Polyethylene Wastes in the Presence of Silica Gel, 5A Molecular Sieve, and Activated Carbon. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 187, 101\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.12.121.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">12. Wang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Z.; et al. Preparation and Application of Zeolite Catalysts for Plastic Waste Conversion. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2023, 350, 112\u2013125.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">13. Fu, L.; Xiong, Q.; Wang, Q.; Cai, L.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, Y. Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Polyethylene Using Combined CaO and Ga\/ZSM-5 Catalysts for High Value-Added Aromatics Production. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 12345\u201312356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c02881.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">14. Abdpour, N.; Hosseini, S. A. Fuel Production from Waste Plastics over Copper\/Zeolite Catalysts. Int. J. Eng. 2024, 37 (12), 2445\u20132451.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">15. Ertl, G.; Kn\u00f6zinger, H.; Weitkamp, J. Preparation of Solid Catalysts; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1999; pp 85\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9783527619528.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">16. Gregg, S. J.; Sing, K. S. W. Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity; Academic Press: London, 1982; pp 41\u2013100.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">17. Ruthven, D. M. Adsorption and Surface Area: Fundamentals and Applications; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2022.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">18. Sing, K. S. W. The Use of Nitrogen Adsorption for the Characterization of Porous Materials. Colloids Surf., A 2001, 187\u2013188, 3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0927-7757(01)00612-4.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">19. Wagner, J. R. Fuel: Analysis and Characterization; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2006.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">20. Vlassa, M.; Filip, M.; Beldean-Galena, S.; Thiebaut, D.; Vial, J.; Petean, I. Investigation of Liquid Oils Obtained by Thermo-Catalytic Degradation of Plastic Wastes in Energy Recovery. Molecules 2025, 30, 1959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30091959.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction Plastic waste accumulation has emerged as a critical global environmental concern, driven primarily by the widespread use of polyolefin-based materials such as polyethylene. Conventional disposal routes, including landfilling [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15872","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15872","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15872"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15872\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15905,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15872\/revisions\/15905"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15872"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}