{"id":15579,"date":"2025-12-31T15:48:55","date_gmt":"2025-12-31T15:48:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15579"},"modified":"2026-03-16T22:55:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T22:55:32","slug":"7-1-54","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-1-54\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0645.\u0645. \u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0645.\u0645. \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: eman.mehbas@mu.edu.iq<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: nrjs.trky@mu.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Kim Il-sung and His Role in the Founding of North Korea<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Assistant Lecturer Iman Muhbis Madlul Al-Tahir<sup>1<\/sup>, Assistant Lecturer Narjis Turki Jiad Saleh<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Faculty of Education for Human Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> eman.mehbas@mu.edu.iq<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> Faculty of Education for Human Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> nrjs.trky@mu.edu.iq<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/54' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/54<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/54' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/54<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (1). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 899 - 913<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-17 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-01-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue1\/7-1-54.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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M. M., Saleh N. T. J.. (2026). Kim Il-sung and His Role in the Founding of North Korea. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/54&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Iman Muhbis Madlul Al-Tahir, Narjis Turki Jiad Saleh. 2026. \\&quot;Kim Il-sung and His Role in the Founding of North Korea.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 1. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/54&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Tahir E. M. M., Saleh N. T. J.. 2026. Kim Il-sung and His Role in the Founding of North Korea. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-01-01. [Cited 2026-04-25]. 7(1). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-1-54\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/54&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Tahir E. M. M., Saleh N. T. J.. Kim Il-sung and His Role in the Founding of North Korea. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-01-01; 7(1). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/54&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Tahir E. M. M., Saleh N. T. J., \\&quot;Kim Il-sung and His Role in the Founding of North Korea,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/54&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Iman Muhbis Madlul Al-Tahir, Narjis Turki Jiad Saleh. \\&quot;Kim Il-sung and His Role in the Founding of North Korea.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026-01-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/54&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627. \u0645. \u0645\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0646. \u062a. \u062c. (2026). \u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/54&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0627\u062f. 2026. \u00ab\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/54&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627. \u0645. \u0645\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0646. \u062a. \u062c. \u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the historical and political role played by Kim Il-sung in the establishment of the Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea following the end of World War II in 1945\u060c within an international context marked by escalating polarization between the United States and the Soviet Union. The research focuses on the division of the Korean Peninsula along the 38th parallel as a direct outcome of competing spheres of influence\u060c which led to the emergence of two ideologically opposed states in the North and the South and transformed Korea into one of the major centers of tension in East Asia during the second half of the twentieth century. The study also explores Kim Il-sung\u2019s early life and political formation under Japanese colonial rule\u060c his experience in exile in Manchuria\u060c and his involvement in armed resistance and guerrilla warfare\u060c all of which contributed to the construction of his revolutionary legitimacy. Furthermore\u060c the paper analyzes the reorganization of the communist movement in northern Korea and the establishment of the Workers\u2019 Party of Korea as the ruling political framework\u060c culminating in the proclamation of the state in 1948 and Kim Il-sung\u2019s rise to leadership. It examines his economic and social policies\u060c including land reform\u060c nationalization\u060c the development of the Korean People\u2019s Army\u060c and the formulation of the Juche ideology as a foundation for political independence\u060c economic self-reliance\u060c and national defense. The study also discusses the impact of the Korean War (1950\u20131953) on consolidating militarization\u060c reinforcing the one-party system\u060c and entrenching personal rule\u060c as well as the internal party struggles and purges that led to the establishment of a monolithic ideological system and a cult of personality. The study concludes that Kim Il-sung laid the foundations of a centralized\u060c authoritarian\u060c and hereditary political system whose influence has continued to shape North Korea\u2019s domestic and foreign policies up to the present day.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Kim Il-sung\u060c North Korea\u060c Juche\u060c the Korean War\u060c Workers\u2019 Party of Korea.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u062f &#8220;\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a&#8221; \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0630 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>&#8211; \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1950\u20131953)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1950\u20131953) \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0639\u0627\u0645 1956 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1- \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0622\u0628 1956 (August Faction Incident) :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627.\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(1) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c <em>\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635 312\u2013315\u061b <br \/>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c <em>\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635 428\u2013431\u061b <br \/>\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c <em>\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635 198.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(2) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c <em>\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 366\u2013369\u061b <br \/>\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635 214\u2013219\u061b <br \/>Bruce Cumings, <em>Korea\u2019s Place in the Sun: A Modern History<\/em>, W. W. Norton &amp; Company, New York, 2005, pp. 21\u201328.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(3) \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u062c. \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2005\u060c \u0635 263\u2013270.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(4) \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a: \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627\u2026 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <br \/>\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u060c <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 145\u2013146.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(5) \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u060c <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (1945\u20131950)<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2013\u060c \u0635 23\u201325.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(6) \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u060c <em>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1945\u20131953)<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2013\u060c \u0635 80.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(7) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 110\u2013113.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(8) \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1894\u20131939<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f) \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635 208.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(9) \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0632 (Bruce Cumings)\u060c <em>\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u2013 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 2009\u060c \u0635 235\u2013240.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(10) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 118\u2013122\u061b \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u062c 5\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1990\u060c \u0635 336.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(11) \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 241\u2013246.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(12) Charles K. Armstrong, <em>The North Korean Revolution, 1945\u20131950<\/em>, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2003, pp. 18\u201323.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(13) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635 233\u2013236.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(14) \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u060c <em>\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 1945\u20131960<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2014\u060c \u0635 15\u201318.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(15) Charles K. Armstrong, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 10\u201315.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(16) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1998\u060c \u0635 312\u2013315.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(17) Michael J. Seth, <em>The Rise and Fall of the Korean Empire<\/em>, Routledge, London &amp; New York, 2006, pp. 310\u2013318.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(18) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635 97\u2013100\u061b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c <em>\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635 412\u2013415\u061b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bruce Cumings, <em>The Origins of the Korean War<\/em>, Vol. I, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1981, pp. 120\u2013128\u061b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">William Stueck, <em>The Korean War: An International History<\/em>, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1995, pp. 15\u201322.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(19) \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 45\u201363.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(20) \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0632\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2014\u060c \u0635 88\u2013102.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(21) \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009\u060c \u0635 210\u2013213.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(22) Bruce Cumings, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 235\u2013240.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(23) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062c 6\u060c \u0635 112\u2013114.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(24) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635 167\u061b <br \/>Adrian Buzo, <em>The Making of Modern Korea<\/em>, London, 2002, pp. 143\u2013146.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(25) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062c 5\u060c \u0635 327\u2013329.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(26) \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 231.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(27) \u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c <em>\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c 1982\u060c \u0635 3\u20136.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(28) \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0648\u060c <em>\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2016\u060c \u0635 205\u2013207.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(29) Hazel Smith, <em>North Korea: Markets and Military Rule<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015, pp. 32\u201335.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(30) Bruce Cumings, <em>The Korean War: A History<\/em>, Modern Library, New York, 2010, pp. 143\u2013147.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(31) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062c 5\u060c \u0635 331\u2013333.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(32) William Stueck, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 267\u2013270.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(33) \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c <em>\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635 98\u2013102.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(34) Hazel Smith, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 41\u201344.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(35) Charles K. Armstrong, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 87\u201390.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(36) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2010\u060c \u0635 112\u2013115.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(37) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2012\u060c \u0635 88\u201392.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(38) William Stueck, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 301\u2013304.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(39) Hazel Smith, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 52\u201356.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(40) Charles K. Armstrong, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 142\u2013145.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(41) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c <em>\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 115\u2013118.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(42) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 120\u2013123.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(43) Hazel Smith, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 61\u201364.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(44) Samuel S. Kim, <em>North Korea: A Global Studies Handbook<\/em>, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, 2003, pp. 45\u201350.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(45) Charles K. Armstrong, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 201\u2013205.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(46) Chen Jian, <em>China\u2019s Road to the Korean War<\/em>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994, pp. 180\u2013185.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(47) William Stueck, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 319\u2013322.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(48) Hazel Smith, <em>Op. Cit.<\/em>, pp. 27\u201330.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(49) Andrei N. Lankov, \u201cKim Il Sung\u2019s Campaign against the Soviet Faction in the Late 1955 and the Birth of Juche,\u201d <em>Korean Studies<\/em>, Vol. 23, 1999, pp. 43\u201367.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(50) <em>The Purge of the Gapsan Faction and Establishment of the Monolithic Ideological System 1967<\/em>, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC, 2012.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(51) \u201cCollective Memory and Everyday Politics in North Korea,\u201d <em>International Journal of Korean Studies<\/em>, London: Routledge\/Taylor &amp; Francis, 2023, pp. 45\u201368.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(52) Dae-Sook Suh, <em>Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader<\/em>, Columbia University Press, New York, USA, 1998, p. 350.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1894\u20131939)<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f)\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2006.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u060c <em>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1945\u20131953)<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2013.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"gl3iaz\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"205\">\n<p data-start=\"3\" data-end=\"205\"><strong data-start=\"3\" data-end=\"33\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2005).<\/strong> \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br data-start=\"94\" data-end=\"97\" \/>Al-Houfi, Ahmed Mohammed. (2005). <em data-start=\"134\" data-end=\"173\">Physical and Human Geography of Asia.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1s8119h\" data-start=\"207\" data-end=\"414\">\n<p data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"414\"><strong data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"237\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2015).<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<br data-start=\"300\" data-end=\"303\" \/>Abdullah, Ahmed. (2015). <em data-start=\"331\" data-end=\"374\">Modern and Contemporary History of Korea.<\/em> Alexandria: Dar Al-Ma\u2018rifa Al-Jami\u2018iya.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"4yc2n9\" data-start=\"416\" data-end=\"621\">\n<p data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"621\"><strong data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"446\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2011).<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<br data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"512\" \/>Mohammed, Ahmed Ali. (2011). <em data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"581\">Nationalist Movements in East Asia.<\/em> Alexandria: Dar Al-Ma\u2018rifa Al-Jami\u2018iya.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"byoug5\" data-start=\"623\" data-end=\"864\">\n<p data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"864\"><strong data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"654\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. (2001).<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<br data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"743\" \/>Ahmed, Ahmed Youssef. (2001). <em data-start=\"776\" data-end=\"832\">The International System in the Post\u2013World War II Era.<\/em> Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"vr29hd\" data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"1162\">\n<p data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"1162\"><strong data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"896\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647. (2012).<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"1001\" data-end=\"1004\" \/>Lankov, Andrei. (2012). <em data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1110\">The History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present.<\/em> Translated by Ahmed Mahmoud. Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ywev20\" data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1482\">\n<p data-start=\"1167\" data-end=\"1482\"><strong data-start=\"1167\" data-end=\"1194\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647. (2013).<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (1945\u20131950). \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1313\" \/>Lankov, Andrei. (2013). <em data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1410\">North Korean History: From Liberation to the Korean War (1945\u20131950).<\/em> Translated by the Center for Arab Unity Studies. Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"uu1ob0\" data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1805\">\n<p data-start=\"1487\" data-end=\"1805\"><strong data-start=\"1487\" data-end=\"1514\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647. (2014).<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1945\u20131960). \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"1632\" data-end=\"1635\" \/>Lankov, Andrei. (2014). <em data-start=\"1662\" data-end=\"1733\">From Stalin to Kim Il-Sung: The Formation of North Korea (1945\u20131960).<\/em> Translated by the Center for Arab Unity Studies. Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"qbjzbs\" data-start=\"1807\" data-end=\"2065\">\n<p data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"2065\"><strong data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1835\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0648\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646. (2016).<\/strong> \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629.<br data-start=\"1924\" data-end=\"1927\" \/>Buzo, Adrian. (2016). <em data-start=\"1952\" data-end=\"1989\">Modern Korea: History and Politics.<\/em> Translated by Mohammed Abdel-Qader. Cairo: National Center for Translation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"4z2erd\" data-start=\"2067\" data-end=\"2309\">\n<p data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2309\"><strong data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2094\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0643\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633. (2009).<\/strong> \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u2013 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<br data-start=\"2176\" data-end=\"2179\" \/>Cumings, Bruce. (2009). <em data-start=\"2206\" data-end=\"2251\">Korea\u2019s Place in the Sun: A Modern History.<\/em> Translated by Mohammed Al-Sayed. Kuwait: Alam Al-Ma\u2018rifa.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"sat5cl\" data-start=\"2311\" data-end=\"2553\">\n<p data-start=\"2315\" data-end=\"2553\"><strong data-start=\"2315\" data-end=\"2339\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0643\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633. (2014).<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629.<br data-start=\"2419\" data-end=\"2422\" \/>Cumings, Bruce. (2014). <em data-start=\"2449\" data-end=\"2477\">The Korean War: A History.<\/em> Translated by Abdul-Ilah Al-Nuaimi. Cairo: National Center for Translation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"l2n4iq\" data-start=\"2555\" data-end=\"2828\">\n<p data-start=\"2559\" data-end=\"2828\"><strong data-start=\"2559\" data-end=\"2589\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632. (2018).<\/strong> \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<br data-start=\"2680\" data-end=\"2683\" \/>Armstrong, Charles. (2018). <em data-start=\"2714\" data-end=\"2771\">North Korea: Revolution, Socialism, and State Building.<\/em> Translated by the Center for Arab Unity Studies. Beirut.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1h160g1\" data-start=\"2830\" data-end=\"3023\">\n<p data-start=\"2834\" data-end=\"3023\"><strong data-start=\"2834\" data-end=\"2857\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2008).<\/strong> \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"2912\" data-end=\"2915\" \/>Mounes, Hussein. (2008). <em data-start=\"2943\" data-end=\"2968\">Atlas of World History.<\/em> Riyadh: Dar Al-Zahraa for Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1szvx7b\" data-start=\"3025\" data-end=\"3222\">\n<p data-start=\"3029\" data-end=\"3222\"><strong data-start=\"3029\" data-end=\"3052\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2006).<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br data-start=\"3115\" data-end=\"3118\" \/>Mounes, Hussein. (2006). <em data-start=\"3146\" data-end=\"3190\">The Political History of Modern East Asia.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1napdij\" data-start=\"3224\" data-end=\"3396\">\n<p data-start=\"3228\" data-end=\"3396\"><strong data-start=\"3228\" data-end=\"3251\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2009).<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"3302\" data-end=\"3305\" \/>Amin, Hussein. (2009). <em data-start=\"3331\" data-end=\"3367\">Contemporary History of East Asia.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ucbr78\" data-start=\"3398\" data-end=\"3617\">\n<p data-start=\"3402\" data-end=\"3617\"><strong data-start=\"3402\" data-end=\"3441\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. (2010).<\/strong> \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"3499\" data-end=\"3502\" \/>Al-Tayyib, Abdullah Abdulaziz. (2010). <em data-start=\"3544\" data-end=\"3588\">Geography of the Ancient and Modern World.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1tqz1jx\" data-start=\"3619\" data-end=\"3822\">\n<p data-start=\"3623\" data-end=\"3822\"><strong data-start=\"3623\" data-end=\"3662\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. (2012).<\/strong> \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"3713\" data-end=\"3716\" \/>Al-Tayyib, Abdullah Abdulaziz. (2012). <em data-start=\"3758\" data-end=\"3793\">Political Geography of the World.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1aprz0y\" data-start=\"3824\" data-end=\"4039\">\n<p data-start=\"3828\" data-end=\"4039\"><strong data-start=\"3828\" data-end=\"3856\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (2015).<\/strong> \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642.<br data-start=\"3924\" data-end=\"3927\" \/>Hassan, Abdelrahman. (2015). <em data-start=\"3959\" data-end=\"4016\">North Korea: Between Politics, Culture, and Propaganda.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Shorouk.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"lehbd5\" data-start=\"4041\" data-end=\"4267\">\n<p data-start=\"4045\" data-end=\"4267\"><strong data-start=\"4045\" data-end=\"4077\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628. (1990).<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062c5. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<br data-start=\"4140\" data-end=\"4143\" \/>Al-Kayali, Abdulwahab. (1990). <em data-start=\"4177\" data-end=\"4206\">The Political Encyclopedia.<\/em> Vol. 5. Beirut: Arab Institution for Studies and Publishing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"xkk15s\" data-start=\"4269\" data-end=\"4488\">\n<p data-start=\"4273\" data-end=\"4488\"><strong data-start=\"4273\" data-end=\"4303\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647. (2001).<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br data-start=\"4372\" data-end=\"4375\" \/>Belkeziz, Abdelilah. (2001). <em data-start=\"4407\" data-end=\"4449\">National Movements in Contemporary Asia.<\/em> Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1sspc29\" data-start=\"4490\" data-end=\"4682\">\n<p data-start=\"4494\" data-end=\"4682\"><strong data-start=\"4494\" data-end=\"4527\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1998).<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631.<br data-start=\"4576\" data-end=\"4579\" \/>Abdel-Daim, Abdullah. (1998). <em data-start=\"4612\" data-end=\"4659\">Modern and Contemporary History of East Asia.<\/em> Damascus: Dar Al-Fikr.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"6zb8ps\" data-start=\"4684\" data-end=\"4883\">\n<p data-start=\"4688\" data-end=\"4883\"><strong data-start=\"4688\" data-end=\"4727\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. (2010).<\/strong> \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"4780\" data-end=\"4783\" \/>Al-Tayyib, Abdullah Abdulaziz. (2010). <em data-start=\"4825\" data-end=\"4854\">Global Political Geography.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"jx8oir\" data-start=\"4885\" data-end=\"5082\">\n<p data-start=\"4889\" data-end=\"5082\"><strong data-start=\"4889\" data-end=\"4911\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2010).<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"4977\" data-end=\"4980\" \/>Hussein, Ali. (2010). <em data-start=\"5005\" data-end=\"5053\">Political and Military History of North Korea.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1x5idbr\" data-start=\"5084\" data-end=\"5353\">\n<p data-start=\"5088\" data-end=\"5353\"><strong data-start=\"5088\" data-end=\"5123\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u062c. \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (2005).<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642.<br data-start=\"5221\" data-end=\"5224\" \/>Eckert, Carter J., et al. (2005). <em data-start=\"5261\" data-end=\"5292\">Korea Old and New: A History.<\/em> Translated by Ahmed Mahmoud Abdullah. Cairo: Dar Al-Shorouk.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"13dq6wz\" data-start=\"5355\" data-end=\"5495\">\n<p data-start=\"5359\" data-end=\"5495\"><strong data-start=\"5359\" data-end=\"5384\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a. (1982).<\/strong> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<br data-start=\"5419\" data-end=\"5422\" \/>Kim Il-Sung. (1982). <em data-start=\"5446\" data-end=\"5466\">On the Juche Idea.<\/em> Moscow: Progress Publishers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1gt6qd1\" data-start=\"5497\" data-end=\"5752\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"5501\" data-end=\"5752\" data-is-last-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"5501\" data-end=\"5530\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2012).<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<br data-start=\"5614\" data-end=\"5617\" \/>Abdel-Ghaffar, Mohammed. (2012). <em data-start=\"5653\" data-end=\"5723\">The Korean War: Its Causes and Consequences on the Korean Peninsula.<\/em> Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adrian Buzo, <em>The Making of Modern Korea<\/em>, Routledge, London, 2002.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Andrei N. Lankov, \u201cKim Il Sung\u2019s Campaign against the Soviet Faction in Late 1955 and the Birth of Juche,\u201d <em>Korean Studies<\/em>, Vol. 23, 1999.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bruce Cumings, <em>Korea\u2019s Place in the Sun: A Modern History<\/em>, W. W. Norton &amp; Company, New York, 2005.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bruce Cumings, <em>The Origins of the Korean War<\/em>, Vol. I, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1981.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bruce Cumings, <em>The Korean War: A History<\/em>, Modern Library, New York, 2010.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Charles K. Armstrong, <em>The North Korean Revolution, 1945\u20131950<\/em>, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2003.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cCollective Memory and Everyday Politics in North Korea,\u201d <em>International Journal of Korean Studies<\/em>, Routledge\/Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 2023.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chen Jian, <em>China\u2019s Road to the Korean War<\/em>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dae-Sook Suh, <em>Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader<\/em>, Columbia University Press, New York, USA, 1998.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hazel Smith, <em>North Korea: Markets and Military Rule<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Michael J. Seth, <em>The Rise and Fall of the Korean Empire<\/em>, Routledge, London &amp; New York, 2006.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Samuel S. Kim, <em>North Korea: A Global Studies Handbook<\/em>, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, 2003.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>The Purge of the Gapsan Faction and Establishment of the Monolithic Ideological System 1967<\/em>, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC, 2012.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">William Stueck, <em>The Korean War: An International History<\/em>, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1995.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u064a\u0639\u062f &#8220;\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a&#8221; \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15579","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15579"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16275,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15579\/revisions\/16275"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}