{"id":15555,"date":"2025-12-31T15:01:53","date_gmt":"2025-12-31T15:01:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15555"},"modified":"2025-12-31T15:01:55","modified_gmt":"2025-12-31T15:01:55","slug":"7-1-47","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-1-47\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: nadine.mari.97@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Relational Thinking as a Cognitive Entry Point for Building Deep Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics Learning<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Nadine Adnan Marai Hamouda<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> nadine.mari.97@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/47' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/47<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/47' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/47<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (1). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 754 - 771<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-10 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-17 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-01-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue1\/7-1-47.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A. M.. (2026). Relational Thinking as a Cognitive Entry Point for Building Deep Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics Learning. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Nadine Adnan Marai Hamouda. 2026. \\&quot;Relational Thinking as a Cognitive Entry Point for Building Deep Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics Learning.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 1. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hamouda N. A. M.. 2026. Relational Thinking as a Cognitive Entry Point for Building Deep Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics Learning. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-01-01. [Cited 2026-04-25]. 7(1). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-1-47\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/47&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hamouda N. A. M.. Relational Thinking as a Cognitive Entry Point for Building Deep Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics Learning. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-01-01; 7(1). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/47&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hamouda N. A. M., \\&quot;Relational Thinking as a Cognitive Entry Point for Building Deep Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics Learning,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/47&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Nadine Adnan Marai Hamouda. \\&quot;Relational Thinking as a Cognitive Entry Point for Building Deep Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics Learning.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026-01-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/47&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0646. \u0639. \u0645. 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\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study investigates relational thinking as a foundational cognitive entry point for constructing deep conceptual understanding in mathematics learning, grounded in a constructivist perspective that views learning as meaning-making through recognizing and organizing relationships rather than mastering procedures in isolation. Adopting a descriptive\u2013analytical interpretive design, the study integrates qualitative analysis supported by descriptive quantitative indicators. The sample consisted of 50 eleventh-grade students. Data were collected through four mathematically rich tasks spanning probability, statistics, analytic geometry, and algebra, designed to elicit procedural thinking, relational thinking, and deep conceptual understanding. The findings reveal clear distinctions in students\u2019 response patterns: higher levels of relational thinking were associated with more coherent explanations, stronger connections across representations, well-justified procedures, and greater ability to generalize and transfer knowledge to new contexts, whereas reliance on procedural execution was linked to fragmented and less flexible understanding. The study concludes that fostering relational thinking is a conceptual necessity for meaningful mathematics learning and recommends reorienting instructional and assessment practices toward supporting relational reasoning, interpretation of relationships, and justification of solutions as core indicators of deep and sustainable conceptual understanding.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Relational thinking, deep conceptual understanding, meaning-making, mathematics learning, mathematical reasoning.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Hiebert &amp; Lefevre, 1986; Kilpatrick et al., 2001).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Sfard, 1991).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c (Sfard, 1991; Rittle-Johnson &amp; Schneider, 2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 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\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644<strong>. <\/strong>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 (Hiebert &amp; Lefevre, 1986; Kilpatrick et al., 2001).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u2014 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c (Sfard, 1991; Rittle-Johnson &amp; Schneider, 2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 (Cobb et al., 1992).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0630\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 86% \u2013 94% \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (Cronbach\u2019s Alpha)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e (Cronbach\u2019s Alpha) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (50) \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u03b1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.79<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>0.88<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 (0.70) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 (0.90) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<ol>\n<li>\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 &#8211; (Credibility)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong> \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (Inter-coder Reliability)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f (\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u2013 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u2013 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 <strong>0.87<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Credibility) <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0637\u064f\u0628\u0651\u0650\u0642\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a (Coding Framework)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a (Procedural Thinking)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a (Relational Thinking)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 (Deep Conceptual Understanding) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637<\/strong> \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (Qualitative Trustworthiness)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u2022 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (Inter-coder Reliability)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 <strong>0.87<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Credibility)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a :(Mean)<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a:(Standard Deviation)<\/strong> \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 :(Median)<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 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\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 (Cobb et al., 1992).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a (Hiebert &amp; Grouws, 2007).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 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\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Skemp, R. R. (1976). Relational understanding and instrumental understanding. <em>Mathematics Teaching<\/em>, 77, 20\u201326.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kilpatrick, J., Swafford, J., &amp; Findell, B. (2001). <em>Adding it up: Helping children learn mathematics<\/em>. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hiebert, J., &amp; Grouws, D. A. (2007). The effects of classroom mathematics teaching on students\u2019 learning. In F. K. Lester Jr. (Ed.), <em>Second handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning<\/em> (pp. 371\u2013404). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Star, J. R. (2005). Reconceptualizing procedural knowledge. <em>Journal for Research in Mathematics Education<\/em>, 36(5), 404\u2013411.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Star, J. R., &amp; Rittle-Johnson, B. (2009). It\u2019s not just the math: The role of relational thinking in procedural flexibility. <em>Journal of Educational Psychology<\/em>, 101(4), 817\u2013832.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rittle-Johnson, B., &amp; Schneider, M. (2015). Developing conceptual and procedural knowledge of mathematics. In R. C. Kadosh &amp; A. Dowker (Eds.), <em>The Oxford handbook of numerical cognition<\/em> (pp. 1118\u20131134). Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Van de Walle, J. A., Karp, K. S., &amp; Bay-Williams, J. M. (2019). <em>Elementary and middle school mathematics: Teaching developmentally<\/em> (10th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sfard, A. (1991). On the dual nature of mathematical conceptions: Reflections on processes and objects as different sides of the same coin. <em>Educational Studies in Mathematics<\/em>, 22(1), 1\u201336.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cobb, P., Yackel, E., &amp; Wood, T. (1992). A constructivist alternative to the representational view of mind in mathematics education. <em>Journal for Research in Mathematics Education<\/em>, 23(1), 2\u201333.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hiebert, J., &amp; Lefevre, P. (1986). Conceptual and procedural knowledge in mathematics: An introductory analysis. In J. Hiebert (Ed.), <em>Conceptual and procedural knowledge: The case of mathematics<\/em> (pp. 1\u201327). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (2014). <em>Principles to actions: Ensuring mathematical success for all<\/em>. Reston, VA: NCTM.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15555","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15555","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15555"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15555\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15569,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15555\/revisions\/15569"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}