{"id":15452,"date":"2025-12-31T12:28:25","date_gmt":"2025-12-31T12:28:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15452"},"modified":"2026-03-16T12:21:40","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T12:21:40","slug":"7-1-15","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-1-15\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062f. \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Role of Fiscal Policy in Promoting Development and Addressing Economic Crises<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dr. Saleh Ahmed Shaaban<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Assistant Professor of Economics, Dhamar University, Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Yemen.<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/15' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/15<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/15' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/15<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (1). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 234 - 256<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-01 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-01-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue1\/7-1-15.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A.. (2026). The Role of Fiscal Policy in Promoting Development and Addressing Economic Crises. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Saleh Ahmed Shaaban. 2026. \\&quot;The Role of Fiscal Policy in Promoting Development and Addressing Economic Crises.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 1. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Shaaban S. A.. 2026. The Role of Fiscal Policy in Promoting Development and Addressing Economic Crises. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-01-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 7(1). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-1-15\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/15&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Shaaban S. A.. The Role of Fiscal Policy in Promoting Development and Addressing Economic Crises. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-01-01; 7(1). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/15&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Shaaban S. A., \\&quot;The Role of Fiscal Policy in Promoting Development and Addressing Economic Crises,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/15&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Saleh Ahmed Shaaban. \\&quot;The Role of Fiscal Policy in Promoting Development and Addressing Economic Crises.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026-01-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/15&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0635. \u0627. 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study examines the role of fiscal policy in enhancing economic development and addressing economic crises, with a particular focus on Arab economies and taking the COVID-19 crisis as a practical model. The paper begins by situating fiscal policy within the broader framework of macroeconomic policies, outlining its objectives\u2014such as financial, economic, and social balance\u2014and its primary tools, including public spending, taxation, and public debt. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study reviews relevant literature and analyzes international and regional experiences in employing fiscal policy to counter economic shocks. The findings reveal that the multiplicity and flexibility of fiscal policy instruments grant it substantial capacity to influence macroeconomic variables when used at the right time and in harmony with monetary and investment policies. The study also shows that the success of fiscal policy in developing countries depends largely on the ability to mobilize domestic resources, rationalize public expenditure, and direct government spending toward productive investment and job creation. However, Arab economies face significant challenges\u2014including limited fiscal space, high debt burdens, and weak production structures\u2014that restrict their ability to apply effective fiscal stimulus during crises. The study concludes with recommendations emphasizing the importance of strengthening national resource mobilization, improving governance, expanding social and health expenditures, and providing targeted financial stimulus packages for the most affected sectors. These measures are essential for achieving comprehensive and sustainable development while mitigating the negative impacts of current and future economic crises.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Fiscal Policy; Economic Development; Economic Crises; Arab Economies; COVID-19 Pandemic.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0640\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 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justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062e\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15452-_Hlk87475602\"><\/a> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (1993 ) &#8220;Sergio Rebelo&#8221; and &#8220;William Easterly&#8221;\u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 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justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0628- \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1- \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2- \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0640\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629( \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629( \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629&#8221;)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2- \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 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300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-1-15x12.png 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-15452-_Toc6941696\"><\/a><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 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srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-2.png 890w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-2-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-2-768x375.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-2-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 890px) 100vw, 890px\" \/> \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 IS\u060c LM \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 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\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0647\u0640\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"476\" height=\"82\" class=\"wp-image-15463\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-3.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-3.png 476w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-3-300x52.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-3-18x3.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 ( b ) = 0.8 \u0648\u0623\u06461000= Y<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"446\" height=\"334\" class=\"wp-image-15464\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-4.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-4.png 446w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-4-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-4-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-4-360x270.png 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-4-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 200 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0640\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0640\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0640\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0640\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0640\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0640\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0640\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 1000 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 250 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"202\" class=\"wp-image-15465\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-5.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-5.png 624w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-5-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/word-image-15452-5-18x6.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: &#8211;<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0640\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:-<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0640\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 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\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627:-<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0640\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 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\u0647\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0640\u0649 (IS)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0640\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0640\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a 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\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 , \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 : \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 .<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u062e \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"123\" data-end=\"371\"><strong data-start=\"123\" data-end=\"129\">1.<\/strong> \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. (2019). <em data-start=\"151\" data-end=\"205\">\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629)<\/em>. \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621: \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642.<br data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"242\" \/>Shaaban, Saleh. (2019). <em data-start=\"266\" data-end=\"330\">Introduction to Public Finance Economics (Theory and Practice)<\/em>. Sana\u2019a: Turings Printing and Marketing.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"619\"><strong data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"379\">2.<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0633\u064a. (2004). \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 1990. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647.<br data-start=\"487\" data-end=\"490\" \/>Messaoud, Draoussi. (2004). Fiscal Policy and Its Role in Achieving Economic Balance: The Case of Algeria 1990. PhD Dissertation.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"621\" data-end=\"813\"><strong data-start=\"621\" data-end=\"627\">3.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f. (2008). <em data-start=\"651\" data-end=\"675\">\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"716\" data-end=\"719\" \/>Al-Jayousi, Walid. (2008). <em data-start=\"746\" data-end=\"783\">Foundations of Economic Development<\/em>. Jordan: Dar Jalees Al-Zaman.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"1077\"><strong data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"821\">4.<\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u061b \u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (2014). <em data-start=\"868\" data-end=\"898\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"953\" data-end=\"956\" \/>Mustafa, Abdel Latif &amp; Sania, Abdel Rahman. (2014). <em data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1041\">Studies in Economic Development<\/em>. Jordan: Al-Hussein Modern Library.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1247\"><strong data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1085\">5.<\/strong> \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631. (2000). <em data-start=\"1112\" data-end=\"1138\">\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<br data-start=\"1160\" data-end=\"1163\" \/>Atiya, Abdel Qader. (2000). <em data-start=\"1191\" data-end=\"1221\">Modern Trends in Development<\/em>. Egypt: University House.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1550\"><strong data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1255\">6.<\/strong> \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0631. (2011). <em data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1347\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"1398\" data-end=\"1401\" \/>Mandour, Essam Omar. (2011). <em data-start=\"1430\" data-end=\"1503\">Economic and Social Development and Structural Change in Arab Countries<\/em>. Egypt: University Education Publishing House.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1793\"><strong data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1558\">7.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0639. (2010). <em data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1623\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1682\" \/>Al-Sharafat, Ali Jadou. (2010). <em data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1754\">Economic Development in the Arab World<\/em>. 1st ed., Jordan: Dar Jalees Al-Zaman.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1795\" data-end=\"2131\"><strong data-start=\"1795\" data-end=\"1801\">8.<\/strong> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0636\u064a\u0641. (2015). \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 (1989\u20132012). \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.<br data-start=\"1963\" data-end=\"1966\" \/>Ahmed, Deif. (2015). The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Sustainable Economic Growth in Algeria (1989\u20132012). PhD Dissertation in Economic Sciences, University of Algiers.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2133\" data-end=\"2235\"><strong data-start=\"2133\" data-end=\"2139\">9.<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.<br data-start=\"2177\" data-end=\"2180\" \/>Abdel Azim, Ahmed Mohammed. Previously cited reference.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2442\"><strong data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2244\">10.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a. (2010). <em data-start=\"2278\" data-end=\"2298\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"2329\" data-end=\"2332\" \/>Al-Quraishi, Mohammed Saleh Turki. (2010). <em data-start=\"2375\" data-end=\"2398\">Development Economics<\/em>. Jordan: Ithra Publishing and Distribution.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2660\"><strong data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2451\">11.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a. (2007). <em data-start=\"2475\" data-end=\"2520\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<br data-start=\"2545\" data-end=\"2548\" \/>Al-Quraishi, Medhat. (2007). <em data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2630\">Economic Development: Theories, Policies and Issues<\/em>. Jordan: Dar Wael Publishing.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2662\" data-end=\"3028\"><strong data-start=\"2662\" data-end=\"2669\">12.<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645. (2009). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631.<br data-start=\"2841\" data-end=\"2844\" \/>Mohammed, Med Mohammed Abdel Azim. (2009). The Mutual Effects between Fiscal Policy and Investment Policy in Achieving Egyptian Economic Reform. PhD Dissertation, Ain Shams University.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3030\" data-end=\"3134\"><strong data-start=\"3030\" data-end=\"3037\">13.<\/strong> \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.<br data-start=\"3074\" data-end=\"3077\" \/>Jassim bin Nasser bin Jassim. Previously cited reference.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3136\" data-end=\"3279\"><strong data-start=\"3136\" data-end=\"3143\">14.<\/strong> \u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u061b \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.<br data-start=\"3200\" data-end=\"3203\" \/>Ajmiya, Mohammed Abdel Aziz &amp; Nasef, Iman Atiya. Previously cited reference.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3281\" data-end=\"3514\"><strong data-start=\"3281\" data-end=\"3288\">15.<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628. (2008). <em data-start=\"3311\" data-end=\"3359\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<br data-start=\"3401\" data-end=\"3404\" \/>Daoudi, Al-Tayeb. (2008). <em data-start=\"3430\" data-end=\"3480\">Self-Strategy for Financing Economic Development<\/em>. 1st ed., Dar Al-Fajr Publishing.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3516\" data-end=\"3774\"><strong data-start=\"3516\" data-end=\"3523\">16.<\/strong> \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1997). <em data-start=\"3551\" data-end=\"3599\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<br data-start=\"3640\" data-end=\"3643\" \/>Ariqat, Harbi Mohammed. (1997). <em data-start=\"3675\" data-end=\"3735\">Introduction to Economic Development and Economic Planning<\/em>. 2nd ed., Jordan: Dar Wael Publishing.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3776\" data-end=\"4006\"><strong data-start=\"3776\" data-end=\"3783\">17.<\/strong> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. (2020). <em data-start=\"3813\" data-end=\"3899\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627<\/em>.<br data-start=\"3900\" data-end=\"3903\" \/>World Bank Group. (2020). <em data-start=\"3929\" data-end=\"4005\">Protecting People and the Economy: Integrated Policy Responses to COVID-19<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4008\" data-end=\"4290\"><strong data-start=\"4008\" data-end=\"4015\">18.<\/strong> Rebelo, Sergio &amp; Easterly, William. (1993). \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<br data-start=\"4142\" data-end=\"4145\" \/>Rebelo, Sergio &amp; Easterly, William. (1993). A Study on Fiscal Policy Variables and Their Effects on Development Levels and Economic Growth Rates.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2008 \u060c\u0635 .03 1 <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 . <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2014 \u060c \u0635 140. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2000 \u060c\u0635 .52 <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2011 \u060c \u0635 83. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 27 . 28 &#8211; 3 <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2010\u060c \u063512. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0626\u0631 1989 \/ 2012 \u060c\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c 3 2014 &#8211; 2015 \u060c\u0635 \u0635 5-6. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 137. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 141. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2010 \u060c\u0635 57. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2007 \u060c\u0635 125. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 2009 \u0635 \u060c 102 . <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 j\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0622 \u00ba\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 .44 <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 206 <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2008 \u060c\u0635 57. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 206. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() &#8211; \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 1997 \u060c\u0635 .79 <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-15452-footnote-19\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">() &#8211; \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u060c2020\u0645. <a href=\"#post-15452-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0640\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0640\u0649 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0640\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15452","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15452","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15452"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15452\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16235,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15452\/revisions\/16235"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}