{"id":15446,"date":"2025-12-31T12:23:07","date_gmt":"2025-12-31T12:23:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=15446"},"modified":"2026-03-16T12:17:22","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T12:17:22","slug":"7-1-11","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/7-1-11\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 STEM \u0648 L \u2013 STEM \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649*<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0631<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: lulu8126@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Primary School Principals\u2019 Attitudes Toward the Integration of STEM and L-STEM, and the Role of the Leading Educator in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study in Triangle Area Schools in Light of TIMSS 2023 Results<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Lubna Haj Yahya*<sup>1<\/sup>, Saida Khader<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> lulu8126@gmail.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/11' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj71\/11<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/11' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/71\/11<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (7) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (1). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 156 - 172<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-01 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-12-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2026-01-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume7\/issue1\/7-1-11.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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H., Khader S.. (2026). Primary School Principals\u2019 Attitudes Toward the Integration of STEM and L-STEM, and the Role of the Leading Educator in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study in Triangle Area Schools in Light of TIMSS 2023 Results. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Lubna Haj Yahya, Saedah Khader. 2026. \\&quot;Primary School Principals\u2019 Attitudes Toward the Integration of STEM and L-STEM, and the Role of the Leading Educator in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study in Triangle Area Schools in Light of TIMSS 2023 Results.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 7, no. 1. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Yahya L. H., Khader S.. 2026. Primary School Principals\u2019 Attitudes Toward the Integration of STEM and L-STEM, and the Role of the Leading Educator in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study in Triangle Area Schools in Light of TIMSS 2023 Results. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2026-01-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 7(1). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-1-11\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Yahya L. H., Khader S.. Primary School Principals\u2019 Attitudes Toward the Integration of STEM and L-STEM, and the Role of the Leading Educator in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study in Triangle Area Schools in Light of TIMSS 2023 Results. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2026-01-01; 7(1). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Yahya L. H., Khader S., \\&quot;Primary School Principals\u2019 Attitudes Toward the Integration of STEM and L-STEM, and the Role of the Leading Educator in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study in Triangle Area Schools in Light of TIMSS 2023 Results,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Lubna Haj Yahya, Saedah Khader. \\&quot;Primary School Principals\u2019 Attitudes Toward the Integration of STEM and L-STEM, and the Role of the Leading Educator in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study in Triangle Area Schools in Light of TIMSS 2023 Results.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026-01-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0644. \u062d\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0633. (2026). \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 STEM \u0648 L \u2013 STEM \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. 2026. \u00ab\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 STEM \u0648 L \u2013 STEM \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 7(1). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0644. \u062d\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0633. \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 STEM \u0648 L \u2013 STEM \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2026-01-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-24]. 7(1). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/7-1-11\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0644. \u062d\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0633. \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 STEM \u0648 L \u2013 STEM \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2026-01-01\u061b 7(1). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0644. \u062d\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0633. \u00ab\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 STEM \u0648 L \u2013 STEM \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 1\u060c 2026. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u00ab\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 STEM \u0648 L \u2013 STEM \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 7\u060c \u0639 1\u060c 2026-01-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj71\\\/11&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c STEM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648L-  STEM   \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641  \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637: \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 STEM \u0648 L- STEM \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> STEM\u060c L-STEM\u060c  TIMSS\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study explores the perceptions of elementary school principals regarding the integration of STEM programs into the curriculum, focusing on schools in Tayibe, Tira, and the Negev regions. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study includes quantitative data from questionnaires and qualitative insights from interviews with principals and STEAM coordinators. Findings are expected to reveal clear gaps between theoretical acknowledgment of STEAM\u2019s importance and practical readiness to implement it. The research highlights the need for administrative support and educational planning aligned with global assessment indicators like TIMSS.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> STEAM, TIMSS, school leadership, mixed-methods, primary education.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 STEM \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (Mater et al., 2020; Afari &amp; Khine, 2021). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 (Fang &amp; Schleppegrell, 2010; Hand et al., 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 (Fullan, 2023). \u0641\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u2014\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 TIMSS 2023 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a (IEA, 2024). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 (2024) \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a 2019 \u06482023\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c STEM\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 (Wang et al., 2020; Hallstr\u00f6m &amp; Sch\u00f6nborn, 2019). \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 (OECD, 2023).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u062c STEM \u0648L-STEM\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 STEM (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064e\u064a STEM \u0648L-STEM \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 STEM (\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM) \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: STEM\u060c L-STEM\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a STEM \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c STEAM \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645: \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c L-STEM \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 TIMSS\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a TIMSS.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 STEM L-\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u064a STEM L-)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c STEM \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 STEM L- \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 L-STEM \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 L-STEM \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a)\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c L-STEM \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 STEM \u0648STEAM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 STEM \u0648 STEAM \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Bybee, 2020; Yakman, 2019). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0645\u062c STEM \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c 2022).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. STEM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c 2023). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0637\u0641\u0627\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c STEM \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (2022) \u0646\u0642\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u0640STEM\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. STEM \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 TIMSS \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (RAMA, 2023). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c STEM \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Mullis &amp; Martin, 2021; Honey &amp; Pearson, 2014).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0638\u0647\u0631 Linguistically-Integrated STEM (L-STEM) \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5. \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 STEM \u0648L-STEM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 (Fullan, 2021). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c 2023). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a (2025) \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u2014\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u2014\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM \u0648L-STEM\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6. \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a STEM \u0648L-STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>7. \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c STEM \u0648L-STEM \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>8. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM \u0648L-STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">STEM \u0648L-STEM \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0645\u062c STEM \u0648L-STEM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.<strong> \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Research Design)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 (Mixed-Methods Design) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u062c STEM \u0648L-STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2<strong>. \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Population)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c STEM \u0648L-STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. <strong>\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Sample)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 STEM \u0648L-STEM \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Instruments)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Survey Instrument)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a TIMSS 2023 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">6. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u2013 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u2013 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u2013 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u2013 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Semi-Structured Interviews)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 STEM \u0648L-STEM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0643\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 (Document Analysis)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c STEM \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. <strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (Procedures)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">6. \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (Integration).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">7. \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 STEM\u060c L-STEM\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">6<strong>. \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 (Data Analysis Methods)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 T-Test \u0623\u0648 ANOVA<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a (EFA)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a Themes<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Triangulation)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">7.<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a Conceptual Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u062f\u0645\u062c STEM \u0648L-STEM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 TIMSS 2023<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c STEM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 (L-STEM)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 (Mediator) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a TIMSS \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM \u0648L-STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c (Findings \/ Results)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1): \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u2013\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062f\u0648\u0631 STEM \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2): \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.48<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062b\u0631 L-STEM \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.52<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u2013\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (3): \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a TIMSS 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (4): \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 (ANOVA)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 F<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Sig.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a STEM<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a L-STEM<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.01<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Quantitative Results)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 STEM \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 STEM \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a L-STEM \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3<strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a TIMSS 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS 2023 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a L-STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a STEM\/AI.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Qualitative Findings)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1<strong>. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 STEM \u0648\u0644\u0640 L-STEM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 STEM\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0640 L-STEM \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 L-STEM \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a\u201d\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 AI.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3<strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4<strong>. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM \u0648L-STEM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0635<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. <strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 STEM \u0648L-STEM \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627<strong>: \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c (Integration of Quantitative &amp; Qualitative Data)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d STEM \u0648L-STEM\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3<strong>. \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a TIMSS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629-\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 L-STEM \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c (Core Findings Summary)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 STEM \u0648L-STEM\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a TIMSS \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 L-STEM \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM \u0648L-STEM \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a STEM \u0648 L-STEM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM\/L-STEM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (2023) \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (2022)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0645 STEM\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c TIMSS \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a STEM \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 STEM \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\/\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 STEM\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0635 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 STEM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c L-STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u064a STEM \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a L-STEM \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 (Mixed Methods)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 TIMSS.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u062c L-STEM \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u0651\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 STEM\/L-STEM \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"453\"><strong data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"137\">1.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2022). \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c STEAM \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. <em data-start=\"240\" data-end=\"266\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c 45(1)\u060c 22\u201339.<br data-start=\"281\" data-end=\"284\" \/>Al-Hajjaj, Ali. (2022). The Role of STEAM Curricula in Developing 21st-Century Skills among Elementary School Students. <em data-start=\"404\" data-end=\"438\">Arab Educational Studies Journal<\/em>, 45(1), 22\u201339.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"794\"><strong data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"461\">2.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2023). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a. <em data-start=\"550\" data-end=\"592\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c 10(2)\u060c 101\u2013130.<br data-start=\"609\" data-end=\"612\" \/>Al-Sarhan, Mohammed. (2023). Educational Leadership in Light of Modern Professional Practices: Reality and Challenges. <em data-start=\"731\" data-end=\"777\">Arab Journal of Education and Human Sciences<\/em>, 10(2), 101\u2013130.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"1084\"><strong data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"802\">3.<\/strong> \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645. (2023). <em data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"893\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c STEM\/STEAM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633: \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631.<br data-start=\"928\" data-end=\"931\" \/>Ministry of Education. (2023). <em data-start=\"962\" data-end=\"1035\">Annual Report: Development of STEM\/STEAM Programs in the Arab Community<\/em>. Jerusalem: Strategy and Development Department.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1399\"><strong data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1092\">4.<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. (2022). <em data-start=\"1115\" data-end=\"1196\">\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/em>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<br data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1226\" \/>State Comptroller. (2022). <em data-start=\"1253\" data-end=\"1361\">Resource Gaps and Organizational Barriers in Implementing Innovation Programs in the Arab Education System<\/em>. Jerusalem: State Comptroller Office.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1399\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hallstr\u00f6m, J., Sch\u00f6nborn, K. J., &amp; Thorshag, E. (2023). Integrating STEM\/STEAM education: A literature review. <em>Educational Research Review, 40<\/em>, 100-125.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mullis, I. V. S., &amp; Martin, M. O. (2021). <em>TIMSS 2019 international results in mathematics and science<\/em>. Boston College.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yakman, G. (2019). STEAM education: An overview of creating a model of &#8220;STEM plus arts&#8221;. <em>Journal of STEM Education, 18<\/em>(3), 23-31.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bybee, R. (2020). <em>The case for STEM education: Challenges and opportunities<\/em>. NSTA Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">NASEM. (2024). <em>Emerging research in STEM integration in schools<\/em>. National Academies Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">OECD. (2023). <em>Future of education and skills 2030: OECD Learning Compass<\/em>. OECD Publishing.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ministry of Education Israel. (2023). <em>Allocations for innovation and technology in education: Annual report. Jerusalem<\/em>: Government Printing Office.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">State Comptroller of Israel. (2022). <em>Gaps in educational resource allocation between Jewish and Arab schools<\/em>. Government Accountability Report.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">OECD. (2023). <em>Equity and quality in education: Supporting disadvantaged students and schools<\/em>. OECD Publishing. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264130852-en\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264130852-en<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bybee, R. W. (2020). <em>STEM education: Challenges and opportunities<\/em>. National Science Teaching Association Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fullan, M. (2021). <em>Leading in a culture of change<\/em>. Jossey-Bass.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Honey, M., Pearson, G., &amp; Schweingruber, H. (2014). <em>STEM integration in K\u201312 education: Status, prospects, and an agenda for research<\/em>. National Academies Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yakman, G. (2019). STEAM education: An overview of creating a model of STEM plus arts. <em>Journal of STEM Education, 18<\/em>(3), 23\u201331.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">IEA. (2024). TIMSS 2023 International Results in Mathematics and Science. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">RAMA. (2024). TIMSS 2023 National Report: Israel. Israel National Authority for Measurement and Evaluation in Education.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mater, N. R., Hussein, M. J. H., Salha, S. H., Draid, F. R., Shaqour, A. Z., Qatannani, N., &amp; Affouneh, S. (2020). The effect of the integration of STEM on critical thinking and technology acceptance model. Educational Studies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03055698.2020.1793736<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Afari, E., &amp; Khine, M. S. (2021). Leadership and STEM education: Enhancing school capacity for innovation. Journal of STEM Education Research, 4(2), 145\u2013162.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hallstr\u00f6m, J., &amp; Sch\u00f6nborn, K. (2019). Models and modeling for authentic STEM education: Reinforcing the argument. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 1\u201310.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Margot, K. C., &amp; Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers\u2019 perception of STEM integration and training: A systematic literature review. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(2), 1\u201316.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nadelson, L. S., &amp; Seifert, A. L. (2023). Barriers and enablers of K\u201312 STEM implementation: Perspectives of educators and leaders. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 32, 452\u2013468.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wang, H.-H., Moore, T. J., Roehrig, G. H., &amp; Park, M. S. (2020). STEM integration: Teacher and school leader roles in sustaining effective practice. School Science and Mathematics, 120(1), 5\u201317.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Afari, E., &amp; Khine, M. S. (2021). Implementation of STEM education in schools: Practices, challenges, and opportunities. International Journal of STEM Education, 8(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40594-021-00295-<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fang, Z., &amp; Schleppegrell, M. J. (2010). Disciplinary literacies across content areas: Supporting secondary reading through functional language analysis. Journal of Adolescent &amp; Adult Literacy, 53(7), 587\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1598\/JAAL.53.7.6<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fullan, M. (2023). The new meaning of educational change (6th ed.). Teachers College Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hallstr\u00f6m, J., &amp; Sch\u00f6nborn, K. (2019). Models and modelling for authentic STEM education: Reinforcing the argument. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40594-019-0178-z<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">IEA (International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement). (2024). TIMSS 2023 international results in mathematics and science. https:\/\/www.iea.nl<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Margot, K. C., &amp; Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers\u2019 perception of STEM teaching and learning. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40594-019-0197-0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mater, N., Sar\u0131, U., &amp; Ayd\u0131n, G. (2020). The effect of STEM-based learning on students\u2019 academic achievement and motivation. Journal of Science Learning, 3(2), 77\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17509\/jsl.v3i2.22724<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nadelson, L. S., &amp; Seifert, A. L. (2023). Barriers to implementing integrated STEM education: A systematic review. STEM Education Review, 12(2), 45\u201367.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">OECD. (2023). Education at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/eag-2023-en<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">State Comptroller of Israel. (2022). Annual report on the implementation of educational programs and school infrastructure. State Comptroller\u2019s Office.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wang, H.-H., Moore, T. J., Roehrig, G. H., &amp; Park, M. S. (2020). STEM integration: Why and how? A review of the literature. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research, 10(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7771\/2157-9288.1148<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15446","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15446","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15446"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15446\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16230,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15446\/revisions\/16230"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}