{"id":14977,"date":"2025-10-31T11:57:29","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T11:57:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14977"},"modified":"2025-10-31T11:57:32","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T11:57:32","slug":"6-11-34","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/6-11-34\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0623\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Entry and Spread of Islam in Chad<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Adam Ahmed Hassan<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Lecturer, University of N\u2019Djamena, Department of Arab History, Chad<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj611\/34' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj611\/34<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/611\/34' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/611\/34<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (11). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 557 - 574<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-10-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-10-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-11-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue11\/6-11-34.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A. (2025). The Entry and Spread of Islam in Chad. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(11). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hassan Adam Ahmed. 2025. \\&quot;The Entry and Spread of Islam in Chad.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 11. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hassan A. A. 2025. The Entry and Spread of Islam in Chad. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-11-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(11). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-11-34\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hassan A. A. The Entry and Spread of Islam in Chad. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-11-01; 6(11). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/34&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hassan A. A, \\&quot;The Entry and Spread of Islam in Chad,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 11, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/34&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hassan Adam Ahmed. \\&quot;The Entry and Spread of Islam in Chad.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 11, 2025-11-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/34&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623. \u0623. (2025). \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(11). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. 2025. \u00ab\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(11). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj611\\\/34&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623. \u0623. \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This paper examines the arrival and diffusion of Islam in Chad and its civilizational impact across the Lake Chad Basin and the central Sahel, positioning Chad as a strategic gateway to sub-Saharan Africa. It addresses the scholarly gap that has marginalized Chad\u2019s role in the Islamization of Africa despite strong social and cultural indicators of its Arab-Islamic identity. The study employs three complementary approaches: a historical method to trace the earliest ingress routes since the mid-first Islamic century (c. 46\u201349 AH \/ 666 CE); a follow-up analytical method to map the activities of scholars and preachers; and an inferential method to sift established facts from colonial-era distortions.\r\nFindings show that Islam entered via a trans-Saharan network: the Tripoli\u2013Fezzan\u2013Kawar\u2013Kanem corridor; the Kairouan\u2013Tripoli\u2013Murzuq\u2013Kawar route; and the Nile Valley route (Aswan\u2013Darfur\u2013Wadai), alongside local branches converging on Lake Chad as a caravan hub. Mechanisms of diffusion included voluntary adoption and persuasion; the work of preachers and jurists who accompanied caravans; trade and intermarriage; the absence of major natural barriers; the early conversion of Kanem\u2019s rulers and their patronage of religious and educational institutions; and organized pilgrimage caravans that formed learned elites who returned as teachers and missionaries. The study highlights Islam\u2019s structural imprint on Chadian society through the rise of Islamic polities (Kanem, Wadai and others), consolidation of the Maliki school, expansion of Arabic learning, the proliferation of mosques and Qur\u2019anic schools, and the entrenchment of values of justice and social solidarity. The paper re-centers Chad as a pivotal actor in the history of Islam\u2019s spread in sub-Saharan Africa and calls for expanded archival and field research to decolonize prevailing narratives and foreground Chadian Islamic heritage.\r\n<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Chad, Kanem\u2013Bornu, Lake Chad, Saharan caravan routes, spread of Islam in Africa, da\u2018wa, trade and intermarriage, Maliki school, Wadai.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 49\u0647\u0640 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\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>* &#8211; \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :-<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2- \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5- \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>*- \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1<\/strong>&#8211; \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2-\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4- \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/strong>: \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 46\u0647\u0640\/ 666\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2<strong>-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong>: \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3-<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong>: \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b <strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong>. \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648<strong>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/strong>: \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong>: \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>:\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/strong>: \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong>: \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0638\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 : \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\/ \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\/ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 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justify;\">\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 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justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f 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\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>* \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>: \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627) \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0648: \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>* \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/strong>: \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\/ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">* \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0634\u0627\u062f) \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0634\u0637&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0634\u0637&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <sup>(<\/sup><sup><a id=\"post-14977-footnote-ref-3\" href=\"#post-14977-footnote-3\">[3]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0628\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 8 \u0625\u0644\u0649 23,5 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 1,760 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 14 \u0625\u0644\u0649 24 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0637 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 1,200 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f: 1,284,000 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 <sup>(<\/sup><sup><a id=\"post-14977-footnote-ref-4\" href=\"#post-14977-footnote-4\">[4]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 2,381,741 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0631) 2,345,095 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 1,886,068 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 1,759,540 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639<sup>(<\/sup><sup><a id=\"post-14977-footnote-ref-5\" href=\"#post-14977-footnote-5\">[5]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0629 <sup>(<\/sup><sup><a id=\"post-14977-footnote-ref-6\" href=\"#post-14977-footnote-6\">[6]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646: \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 2,717,300 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 1,566,500 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639<sup>(<\/sup><sup><a id=\"post-14977-footnote-ref-7\" href=\"#post-14977-footnote-7\">[7]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u062a\u064a) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0627\u064a) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 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href=\"#post-14977-footnote-13\">[13]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/strong> \u0641\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f <sup>(<\/sup><sup><a id=\"post-14977-footnote-ref-14\" href=\"#post-14977-footnote-14\">[14]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2- \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3- \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4- \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2008\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f. \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2008\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2016\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648. \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c 1998\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u062c\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631. \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 (1894\u20131960\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 1983\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c 1999\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2018\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c 1980\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2008\u0645\u060c \u0635 14 <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631: \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 1894-1960\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 1983\u0645\u060c \u0635 11. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2008\u0645\u060c \u0635 14 <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2018\u0645\u060c \u0635 19. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635 \u063516\u0627\u0644\u0649 105 <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0629 : \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635 \u0635106. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c 1999\u0645\u060c \u0635 80 <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 96 <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 91. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 70. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 79. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0631\u062c\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a : \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0635112. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0631\u062c\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635113. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f:\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 135. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-16\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 . 136. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-17\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 25. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-18\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u063527. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642: \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2016\u060c \u0635 18. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 26. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-21\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063527. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-22\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 . 120. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-23\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 . 122. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0631\u062c\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 128. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-25\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0635\u060c 26. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-26\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 121. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-27\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u063552. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u063526. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-29\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u063527. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-30\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u064a\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c 1980\u0645\u060c \u063534. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-31\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u063527. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-32\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 125. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-33\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 126. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-34\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 124. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-35\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c 1999\u0645\u060c \u063580. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-37\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 24\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-38\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 96. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-39\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 97. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-40\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 95. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-41\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0636 103. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-42\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0636 104. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-43\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0636 104. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-44\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0636 105. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-45\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0636 106. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-45\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-46\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>() \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0636 103. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-46\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-47\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0648: \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0636 100. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-47\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-48\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 24\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-49\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 28. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-49\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-50\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u063537. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-51\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>(3) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u060c \u063583 <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-51\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-52\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 49. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-52\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-14977-footnote-53\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><sup>() <\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u063583. <a href=\"#post-14977-footnote-ref-53\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 49\u0647\u0640 666\u0645\u060c\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631(\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f) \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14977","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14977","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14977"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14977\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14982,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14977\/revisions\/14982"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14977"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}