{"id":14309,"date":"2025-09-01T01:13:23","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T01:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14309"},"modified":"2025-09-01T01:13:25","modified_gmt":"2025-09-01T01:13:25","slug":"6-9-12","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/6-9-12\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062f. \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: yousifmousa99@yahoo.com<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Epistemology in Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali\u2019s Thought<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dr. Yousif Musa Ali Abdullah Abu Aliga<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Gharyan, Libya.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> yousifmousa99@yahoo.com<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj69\/12' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj69\/12<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/69\/12' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/69\/12<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (9). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 189 - 197<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-08-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-08-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-09-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue9\/6-9-12.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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(2025). Epistemology in Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali\u2019s Thought. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;14309. 2025. \\&quot;Epistemology in Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali\u2019s Thought.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 9. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;14309. 2025. Epistemology in Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali\u2019s Thought. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-09-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(9). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-9-12\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;14309. Epistemology in Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali\u2019s Thought. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-09-01; 6(9). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;14309, \\&quot;Epistemology in Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali\u2019s Thought,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 9, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;14309. \\&quot;Epistemology in Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali\u2019s Thought.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 9, 2025-09-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a. \u0645. \u0639. \u0639. (2025). \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. 2025. \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(9). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a. \u0645. \u0639. \u0639. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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[\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-09-01\u061b 6(9). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a. \u0645. \u0639. \u0639. \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 9\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj69\\\/12&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study explores Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali\u2019s theory of knowledge by examining its sources, nature, limits, and the criteria of truth, with emphasis on the roles of sense perception, reason, and the heart in the formation of ideas. Al-Ghazali viewed sensory knowledge as the initial step in perceiving the external world, yet he considered it limited and subject to illusions. Rational knowledge, though more reliable, was also deemed insufficient to attain absolute truth. Consequently, he turned to intuitive and inner revelatory knowledge, asserting that divine illumination cast into the believer\u2019s heart represents the deepest path to certainty, transcending the boundaries of sense and reason. Employing descriptive, analytical, and inductive methods, Al-Ghazali critiqued philosophical and sensory data to construct an integrated vision in which the knowledge of God constitutes the ultimate aim of human inquiry. He affirmed the complementarity of reason and revelation, regarding reason as the inner law and revelation as the external law, both leading to the realization of truth. Moreover, he placed the heart at the center of knowledge, enabling the ascent from imitation to authentic personal experience. The study concludes that Al-Ghazali\u2019s epistemology harmonized rationality with the Sufi experience, establishing certainty on the basis of intuition and divine inspiration, thereby distinguishing his theory from those of other Muslim philosophers who confined knowledge to reason or sense perception. Ultimately, Al-Ghazali presented an original philosophical and mystical vision in which knowledge is both an intellectual and spiritual journey whose ultimate goal is the knowledge of God and the attainment of absolute truth.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Sensory knowledge, Rational knowledge, Certainty, Inner revelation, Al-Ghazali.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0630\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a: &#8220;\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 &#8230; 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(\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0635 216-219).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0647:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0640 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0635\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u062d 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\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1964\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u063a\u06cc\u0645 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u06371 \u060c1994\u0645 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f. \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1974\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u060c \u06376\u060c 1960\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u062a. .<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f. \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1961\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a: \u0634\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1350\u0647\u0640.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c1976\u0645.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062c2 \u060c(\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a : \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 1993 \u060c \u06372<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 .<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1997\u0645.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c (\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c1998 \u0645.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a 2008 \u060c\u062c2<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c\u06378.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0632\u0642\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0631. \u06373\u060c 1983 \u0645.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 1983\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0630\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0631 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14309","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14309","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14309"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14309\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14311,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14309\/revisions\/14311"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14309"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}