{"id":14114,"date":"2025-07-31T19:12:46","date_gmt":"2025-07-31T19:12:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14114"},"modified":"2025-07-31T19:17:42","modified_gmt":"2025-07-31T19:17:42","slug":"6-8-26","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/6-8-26\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>The Effect of Sample Size on the Estimation of Reliability Using Test-Retest Methods and Cronbach&#039;s Alpha<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Dr. Abdulilah Mohammed Al-Qarni<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Associate Professor of Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj68\/26' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj68\/26<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/68\/26' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/68\/26<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (8). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 408 - 420<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-07-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-07-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-08-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue8\/6-8-26.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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M. (2025). The Effect of Sample Size on the Estimation of Reliability Using Test-Retest Methods and Cronbach&#039;s Alpha. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(8). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj68\\\/26&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Al-Qarni Abdulilah Mohammed. 2025. \\&quot;The Effect of Sample Size on the Estimation of Reliability Using Test-Retest Methods and Cronbach&#039;s Alpha.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 8. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj68\\\/26&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Al-Qarni A. M. 2025. The Effect of Sample Size on the Estimation of Reliability Using Test-Retest Methods and Cronbach&#039;s Alpha. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-08-01. [Cited 2026-04-30]. 6(8). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-8-26\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj68\\\/26&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Al-Qarni A. M. The Effect of Sample Size on the Estimation of Reliability Using Test-Retest Methods and Cronbach&#039;s Alpha. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-08-01; 6(8). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj68\\\/26&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Al-Qarni A. M, \\&quot;The Effect of Sample Size on the Estimation of Reliability Using Test-Retest Methods and Cronbach&#039;s Alpha,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 8, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj68\\\/26&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Al-Qarni Abdulilah Mohammed. \\&quot;The Effect of Sample Size on the Estimation of Reliability Using Test-Retest Methods and Cronbach&#039;s Alpha.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 8, 2025-08-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj68\\\/26&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0639. \u0645. (2025). \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(8). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj68\\\/26&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. 2025. \u00ab\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(8). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj68\\\/26&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0639. \u0645. \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. 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gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 500 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 20 \u0625\u0644\u0649 500. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 50) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 100 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 Fisher \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 100 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study aimed to analyze the effect of sample size on reliability estimates using test-retest methods and Cronbach's alpha. The \"National Belonging\" scale was applied to a sample of 500 participants, and the analysis was conducted using subsamples of varying sizes ranging from 20 to 500. The results revealed that small samples (less than 50) yielded unstable reliability estimates, while robust and stable estimates emerged when using 100 or more individuals. Fisher's confidence intervals also demonstrated higher accuracy than point estimates. The study recommends using samples of at least 100 participants to ensure accurate reliability estimates and emphasizes the importance of using reliability estimates as an interval rather than as a single value.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Reliability, Sample Size, Test-Retest, Cronbach\u2019s Alpha.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (2007,McLeod). \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 (,Balkin2017).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 (2006)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 (<a id=\"post-14114-_Hlk204097983\"><\/a>2010 ,Meyer). \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u060c Mellenbergh, (2011) \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (NCME; 1999)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062e\u062a\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (AERA) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 (APA) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (NCME)\u060c 2014\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 (Bolarinwa, 2015). \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 (Miller, 2015). \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 (Last, 2015). \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a (,Bardhosh et al2016) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 (2000) \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646: \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621.( 2000 ,Sawilowsky). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b (,Erford2013).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 + 1.0 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648- 1.0 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 0.0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 + 1.0\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u06471 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 = 1. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 = 0. \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 0.5 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (AERA)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 (APA)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (NCME) (2014)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a 0.8 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064820% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623. \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\/\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 2013,Elford; 2010 ,Meyer)).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647, \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 (Leann, &amp; Ken, 2012). \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 (2000)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a 0.70 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a: \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 (Kaplan &amp; Saccuzzo, 2005). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644: &#8220;\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u061f&#8221;. \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0646 (,Wells 2003) \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 &#8220;\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631&#8221; (Engel &amp; Schutt, 2013)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 &#8220;\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 (Cohen et al, 1996). \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a (2012,Wong Ong &amp; Kuek, 2014 ,Pedisic et al; 2013 ,Deniz &amp; Alsaffar). \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c (Drost, 2011). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 0.70 \u0648 0.90 (Popham, 2000).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 (Rosenthal &amp; Rosnow, 1991). \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 Kaplan and Saccuzzo (2005) \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Joppe (2000) \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 Crocker and Algina (1986) \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-14114-_Hlk204099881\"><\/a> (2012 ,Wong, Ong, &amp; Kuek)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u061f&#8221;. \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. (2012 ,Wong, Ong, &amp; Kuek). \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 (,Kaplan &amp; Saccuzzo2005). \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (,Dimitrov2002 ). \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 Sijtsma (2009) \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e (1951) \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064aDNA \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 (,Yang &amp; Green2011) \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (Donner &amp; Eliasziw; 1987, Eliasziw et al; 1994, Cocchetti; 1999, Charter; 1999, Mendoza, Stafford, &amp; Stauffer, (2000, Bonett; 2002). \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 ( 1991,DeVellis;1992,Rea,&amp; Parker;1993 ,Ferguson &amp; Cox )\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a 300 (Ware, et al \u060c 1997)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 30 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 (,Rea,&amp; Parker; 2014 ,Bonett &amp; Wright1992) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (1987,Feldt et al, 1987; Donner &amp; Eliasziw; 1994,Eliasziw, et al; 2002 ,Bonett). \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (,Charter; 2000 ,Mendoza et al 1999) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645 n \u0645\u0646 n = 25 (,Cocchetti1999) \u0625\u0644\u0649 400 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (,Charter 1999)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 Kline (2000) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 100 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 (30) (Bonett, &amp; Wright, 2014) \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062f Nunnally &amp; Bernstein (1994) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0647\u0648 0.80 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.30 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u06480.30 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06480.80 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d Kline (1986) \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 300\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 Nunnally &amp; Bernstein (1994). \u0648\u0635\u0641 Segall (1994) \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a 300 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631&#8221;. \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 Charter (1999) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a 400 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 Charter (2003) \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d Walker and Zhang (2004) \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 125 \u0648150 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a (,Erford2013). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a (AERA\u060c APA\u060c \u0648NCME\u060c 2014). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 (2013 ,Erford; 2010 ,Meyer). \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 (AERA\u060c APA\u060c \u0648NCME\u060c 2014). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064c \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 Kline (2000) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 100 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 Bonnet and Wright (2014) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 30 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b -\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639. (Vacha-Haase &amp; Thompson 2010,).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 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\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 500 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 <a id=\"post-14114-_Hlk202458158\"><\/a>(\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u060c 2019). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 (23) \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637. \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: SA = \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c A = \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u060c D = \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u060c SD = \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 SD \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c D = \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c A = 3 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0648SA = 4 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u060c 2019)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 (r) \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \ud835\udefc \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 95% \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 )1) :\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 95% \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 (r)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 (Zr)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u03c3z)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0640 Z<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0640 Z<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0640 r<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0640 r<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.54<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.602<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.243<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.125<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.079<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.124<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.783<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.726<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.192<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.351<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.101<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.337<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.46<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.867<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.164<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.546<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.188<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.498<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.831<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.74<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.949<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.146<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.663<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.581<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.844<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.26<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.099<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.102<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.899<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.299<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.716<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.861<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>150<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.82<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.163<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.082<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.002<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.324<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.752<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.869<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.255<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.071<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.116<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.394<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.798<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.889<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.304<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.058<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.418<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.822<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.896<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.07<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.381<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.283<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.479<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.856<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.902<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.89<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.421<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.044<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.336<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.506<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.872<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.906<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 95\u066a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 500. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0625\u0644\u0649 500\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 0.54 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.89. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"526\" class=\"wp-image-14132\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-ai-generated-content-may-be-i.png\" alt=\"A graph with a line\n\nAI-generated content may be incorrect.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-ai-generated-content-may-be-i.png 850w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-ai-generated-content-may-be-i-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-ai-generated-content-may-be-i-768x475.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-ai-generated-content-may-be-i-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><a id=\"post-14114-_Hlk202370801\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0661: \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0669\u0665\u066a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2) \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 95\u066a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e (\u03b1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 (Z\u03b1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u03c3z)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0640 Z<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0640 Z<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0640 \u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0640 \u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.243<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.475<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.175<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.828<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.848<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.192<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.472<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.224<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.44<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.841<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.045<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.164<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.722<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.366<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.566<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.873<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.099<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.146<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.813<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.385<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.675<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.885<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.83<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.188<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.102<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.99<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.387<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.757<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>150<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.221<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.082<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.061<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.382<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.786<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.882<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.284<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.071<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.149<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.419<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.812<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.89<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.08<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.307<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.058<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.194<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.421<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.829<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.891<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.88<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.334<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.433<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.844<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.892<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.05<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.89<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.043<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.275<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.445<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.856<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.893<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"526\" class=\"wp-image-14133\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-going-up-ai-generated-content.png\" alt=\"A graph with a line going up\n\nAI-generated content may be incorrect.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-going-up-ai-generated-content.png 850w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-going-up-ai-generated-content-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-going-up-ai-generated-content-768x475.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-graph-with-a-line-going-up-ai-generated-content-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2: \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0669\u0665\u066a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (20 \u064830) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 (40 \u064850)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 0.70 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (Kline , 2000). \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 100 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Leann \u0648Ken (2012) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <a id=\"post-14114-_Hlk202458479\"><\/a>Kline (2000) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 100 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u064a Bonnet &amp; Wright (2014) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 (30) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0631 (1992) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 30 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a 20 \u0648 30 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 40 \u0648 50\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 0.80 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e <a id=\"post-14114-_Hlk202458498\"><\/a>Nunnally &amp; Bernstein (1994). \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 100 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 AERA \u0648APA \u0648NCME\u060c (2014) \u0648 Erford\u060c (2013) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Kline (1986) \u0648 Nunnally &amp; Bernstein (1994) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 300. \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0644 (1994) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 300 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631&#8221;. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 <a id=\"post-14114-_Hlk202458590\"><\/a>Charter (1999) \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 400 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 Charter (2003) \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d Walker and Zhang (2004) \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 125 \u0648150 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d Charter (1999) \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 400 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a Feldt et al (1987)\u060c Donner &amp; Eliasziw (1987)\u060c Eliasziw et al (1994)\u060c Bonett (2002)\u060c \u0648 Charter (1999)\u060c \u0648 Mendoza et al (2000)\u060c \u0648 Cocchetti (1999) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 25 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b 25= n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 100 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 1 \u06482). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 0.70 \u0643\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 0.498\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 (\u2265= 0.70). \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a ( AERA \u0648APA \u0648NCME\u0648 2014)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 (30) \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 (20) \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u0629 (100).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 (100) \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>REFERENCES <\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Alqarni, A. (2020). Developing a measure of national affiliation on a sample of Saudi society in the light of some demographic variables. <em>Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences<\/em>, Umm Al-Qura University.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">American Educational Research Association (AERA). (2006). Standards for reporting on empirical social science research in AERA publications. <em>Educational Researcher, 35<\/em>(6), 33\u201340.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, &amp; National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). <em>Standards for educational and psychological testing<\/em>. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Balkin, R. S. (2017). Evaluating evidence regarding relationships with criteria. <em>Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 50<\/em>, 264\u2013269.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Bardhoshi, G., Erford, B. T., Duncan, K., Dummett, B., Falco, M., Deferio, K., &amp; Kraft, J. (2016). Choosing assessment instruments for posttraumatic stress disorder screening and outcome research. <em>Journal of Counseling &amp; Development, 94<\/em>, 184\u2013194.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science research. <em>Niger Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22<\/em>, 195\u2013201.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Bonett, D. (2002). Sample size requirements for testing and estimating coefficient alpha. <em>Journal of Educational Behavioural Statistics, 27<\/em>, 335\u2013340.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Bonett, D. G., &amp; Wright, T. A. (2014). Cronbach\u2019s alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size. <em>Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 36<\/em>(1).<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Charter, R. A. (1999). Sample size requirements for precise estimates of reliability, generalizability, and validity coefficients. <em>Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21<\/em>, 559\u2013566.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Charter, R. A. (2003). Study samples are too small to produce sufficiently precise reliability coefficients. <em>The Journal of General Psychology, 130<\/em>, 117\u2013129.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Cocchetti, D. (1999). Sample size requirements for increasing the precision of reliability estimates: Problems and proposed solutions. <em>Journal of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, 21<\/em>, 567\u2013570.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Cohen, D., Nisbett, R. E., Bowdle, B. F., &amp; Schwarz, N. (1996). Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honour: An \u201cexperimental ethnography.\u201d <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70<\/em>, 945\u2013960.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Crocker, L., &amp; Algina, J. (1986). <em>Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory<\/em>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers: Philadelphia.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Deniz, M. S., &amp; Alsaffar, A. A. (2013). Assessing the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on dietary fibre-related knowledge in a Turkish student population. <em>Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 31<\/em>, 497\u2013503.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Devellis, R. F. (1991). <em>Scale Development: Theory and Applications<\/em>, Applied Social Research Methods Series, 26. Sage: Newbury Park.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Dimitrov, D. M. (2002). Error variance of Rasch measurement with logistic ability distributions. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, Louisiana.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Donner, A., &amp; Eliasziw, M. (1987). Sample size requirements for reliability studies. <em>Journal of Statistical Medicine, 6<\/em>, 441\u2013448.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Drost, E. A. (2011). Validity and reliability in social science research. <em>Educational Research Perspective, 38<\/em>, 105\u2013123.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Eliasziw, M., Young, S., Woodbury, M., &amp; Fryday-Field, K. (1994). Statistical methodology for the concurrent assessment of interrater and interrater reliability: Using goniometric measurements as an example. <em>Journal of Physical Therapy, 74<\/em>, 777\u2013788.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Engel, R. J., &amp; Schutt, R. K. (2013). <em>Measurement. The Practice of Research in Social Work<\/em> (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Erford, B. T. (2013). <em>Assessment for Counsellors<\/em> (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Wadsworth.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">Erford, B. T., Johnson, E., &amp; Bardhoshi, G. (2016). 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Constructing a survey questionnaire to collect data on service quality of business academics. <em>European Journal of Social Science, 29<\/em>, 209\u2013221.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u061f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14114","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14114"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14135,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14114\/revisions\/14135"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}