{"id":14003,"date":"2025-07-14T14:45:03","date_gmt":"2025-07-14T14:45:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=14003"},"modified":"2025-07-14T14:45:06","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T14:45:06","slug":"6-7-42","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/6-7-42\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus)<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir Hamza<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> College of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan<\/p><p>Correspondence: abdalrhman.hamza@uofg.edu.sd<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj67\/42' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj67\/42<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/67\/42' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/67\/42<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (6) Issue (7). Pages:<\/strong> 655 - 661<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2025-06-07 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2025-06-15 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2025-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue7\/6-7-42.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus)&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2025&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;7&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-7-42\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2025-07-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. (2025). Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hamza Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir. 2025. \\&quot;Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. 2025. Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-07-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-7-42\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-07-01; 6(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A, \\&quot;Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 7, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hamza Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir. \\&quot;Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum\u2011graecum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 7, 2025-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Hamza Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir. 2025. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2025-07-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-24]. 6(7). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-7-42\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus). \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-07-01\u061b 6(7). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Hamza A. H. A. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 7\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Hamza Abdalrhman Hamza Alkhedir. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Cinnamomum sp.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus)\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 7\u060c 2025-07-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/42&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Background\u202f&\u202fAim: Plant derived antimicrobials offer promising alternatives amidst escalating antibiotic resistance. This study compares the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of fenugreek seed, cinnamon bark and carob pod ethanolic extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.\r\nMethods: Shade dried market samples were powdered and extracted with 50\u202f% ethanol (1\u202f:\u202f10\u202fw\/v). Antibacterial activity was quantified by cup plate agar diffusion (inhibition zone diameter, IZD) and viable count reduction assays across five extract concentrations (0\u202f\u2013\u202f100\u202f%). Growth media: nutrient agar (NA) for S.\u202faureus and eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar for E.\u202fcoli. Colony counts were taken at 6,\u202f12,\u202f18\u202fand\u202f24\u202fh; IZDs at 2 day intervals up to day 8. Statistical significance was assessed by one way ANOVA (\u03b1\u202f=\u202f0.05).\r\nResults: Fenugreek exhibited the strongest bactericidal effect, reducing E.\u202fcoli colonies from 90\u202f\u00b1\u202f4 to 1\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.2\u202fCFU plate\u207b\u00b9 at 100\u202f% extract and producing a maximal IZD of 11.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.4\u202fmm. Cinnamon showed moderate activity (IZD =\u202f11.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.3\u202fmm; 97\u202f% CFU reduction), attributed to trans cinnamaldehyde. Carob was least active, yet still achieved a 71\u202f% reduction in E.\u202fcoli CFU and IZD =\u202f12.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fmm at 100\u202f% extract. Similar rank order was observed against S.\u202faureus, with fenugreek and cinnamon demonstrating comparable potency (IZD \u2248\u202f10\u201312\u202fmm), whereas carob required higher concentrations for equivalent effect. Dose response plots revealed IC\u2085\u2080 values of 38\u202f%, 52\u202f% and 67\u202f% (v\/v crude extract) for fenugreek, cinnamon and carob respectively against E.\u202fcoli.\r\nConclusions: All three Sudanese botanicals possess measurable antibacterial activity, with fenugreek and cinnamon outperforming carob. Synergy between saponins, tannins and cinnamaldehyde likely underpins the observed effects. Results warrant bio guided fractionation and combinatorial testing with conventional antibiotics.\r\n<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Fenugreek; Cinnamon; Carob; Cup\u2011plate assay; Colony count; Phytochemical antimicrobials.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Escherichia coli) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Staphylococcus aureus).\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629: \u062a\u0645 \u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 50% (1:10 \u0648\u0632\u0646\/\u062d\u062c\u0645). \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628 (\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 - IZD) \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 (0\u2013100%). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a (Nutrient Agar) \u0644\u0640 S. aureus \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 (EMB) \u0644\u0640 E. coli. \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f 6 \u064812 \u064818 \u064824 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a (One-way ANOVA) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u03b1\u202f=\u202f0.05.\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0644\u0644\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a E. coli \u0645\u0646 90\u202f\u00b1\u202f4 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.2 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 100%\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 (11.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.4\u202f\u0645\u0645). \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627 (IZD =\u202f11.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.3\u202f\u0645\u0645\u061b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 97%) \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 71% \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a E. coli \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0644\u063a 12.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202f\u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 100%. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f S. aureus\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 (IZD \u2248\u202f10\u201312\u202f\u0645\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644. \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 IC\u2085\u2080 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 38%\u060c \u064852%\u060c \u064867% (\u062d\u062c\u0645\/\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645) \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0636\u062f E. coli.\r\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629: \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.\r\n<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1\u2003Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses one of the most pressing global health challenges of the 21st century. The World Health Organization estimates that, without urgent action, AMR could result in up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050 (O&#8217;Neill, 2016). The diminishing efficacy of conventional antibiotics has intensified efforts to explore alternative antimicrobial sources, particularly those derived from medicinal plants known for their ethnopharmacological significance and minimal side effects.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Medicinal plants contain structurally diverse secondary metabolites such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils, which exhibit a range of antimicrobial mechanisms including disruption of bacterial membranes, inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and interference with microbial signaling pathways (Cowan, 1999; Cushnie &amp; Lamb, 2005). Importantly, these phytochemicals may act synergistically, enhancing antimicrobial potency and reducing the likelihood of resistance development (Wagner &amp; Ulrich-Merzenich, 2009).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Sudanese traditional medicine, fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum<\/em>), cinnamon (<em>Cinnamomum<\/em> sp.), and carob (<em>Ceratonia siliqua<\/em>) are commonly used for both nutritional and therapeutic purposes. Fenugreek is known for its hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, attributed to its saponin and flavonoid content (Srinivasan, 2006). Cinnamon, rich in cinnamaldehyde, has demonstrated antimicrobial effects against a wide range of pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains (Tomaino et al., 2005). Carob pods, though more often consumed for their high fiber and sugar content, also contain polyphenols and furan derivatives withdocumented antioxidant and antibacterial activity (Simsek, 2017).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despite their individual bioactivities, few studies have systematically compared the antibacterial efficacy of these three botanicals against common bacterial pathogens. <em>Escherichia coli<\/em>, a Gram-negative bacterium, and <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, a Gram-positive organism, are frequently implicated in gastrointestinal, skin, and soft tissue infections, and are recognized for their increasing resistance to conventional antibiotics (Prestinaci et al., 2015).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study aims to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of fenugreek, cinnamon, and carob against <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em> using standardized microbiological assays. By quantifying their inhibition-zone diameters and bactericidal capacity, this research contributes to the evidence base supporting phytotherapeutic strategies for infection control.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2\u2003Literature Review<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">A substantial body of literature underscores the antimicrobial properties of fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum<\/em>), cinnamon (<em>Cinnamomum<\/em> spp.), and carob (<em>Ceratonia siliqua<\/em>), although comparative studies remain limited. Fenugreek seeds are rich in steroidal saponins, alkaloids (trigonelline), and polyphenols such as quercetin. Several studies have documented its efficacy against microbial strains. For example, Randhir et al. (2004) found that sprouted fenugreek seeds exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity due to increased phenolic content. Additionally, Al-Habori and Raman (2002) reported that fenugreek extracts exhibited dose-dependent inhibition against <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em>, suggesting potential for therapeutic use.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cinnamon bark has been extensively studied for its essential oil content, especially cinnamaldehyde, which demonstrates strong antibacterial and antifungal effects. Friedman et al. (2004) demonstrated that cinnamaldehyde effectively inhibited <em>Salmonella enterica<\/em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, with lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) than several synthetic antibiotics. Another study by Chang et al. (2001) observed that cinnamon essential oil not only disrupted bacterial membranes but also altered intracellular pH, indicating multiple mechanisms of action. These findings support cinnamon&#8217;s role in food preservation and natural medicine.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Carob pods, though traditionally valued for their nutritional content, contain bioactive compounds such as gallic acid, catechins, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with antimicrobial potential. Daglia (2012) emphasized that polyphenolic-rich extracts like those found in carob possess antimicrobial properties via enzyme inhibition and membrane damage. More recently, Benkovi\u0107 et al. (2018) demonstrated that carob pulp extract inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including <em>S. aureus<\/em> and <em>E. coli<\/em>, and proposed its application in functional food formulations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despite these findings, inconsistencies in extraction techniques, bacterial strains tested, and assay conditions have made it difficult to draw direct comparisons. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the antibacterial effects of fenugreek, cinnamon, and carob extracts under uniform experimental conditions, targeting <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em> as representative Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens, respectively (Prestinaci et al., 2015).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3\u2003Materials and Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1 Plant Material and Extraction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Market\u2011purchased fenugreek seeds, cinnamon bark and carob pods (Wad\u00a0Medani, August\u00a02021) were authenticated and shade\u2011dried. Each 50\u202fg sample was milled (0.5\u202fmm) and refluxed with 500\u202fmL 50\u202f% ethanol for 2\u202fh. Filtrates were concentrated (40\u202f\u00b0C) to 10\u202fmL (100\u202f% stock). Serial dilutions yielded 25\u202f%,\u202f50\u202f%,\u202f75\u202f% and 100\u202f% (v\/v) working concentrations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2 Test Microorganisms<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Clinical isolates of <em>Escherichia\u00a0coli<\/em> and <em>Staphylococcus\u00a0aureus<\/em> were obtained from the University of Gezira Microbiology Laboratory, confirmed by biochemical tests and maintained on NA slants at 4\u202f\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3 Colony\u2011Count Assay<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Approximately 2\u202f\u00d7\u202f10\u2075\u202fCFU\u202fmL\u207b\u00b9 bacterial suspensions were mixed with molten NA (for <em>S.\u00a0aureus<\/em>) or EMB agar (<em>E.\u00a0coli<\/em>) and poured into Petri dishes. Sterile glass\u2011fiber discs (6\u202fmm) impregnated with 20\u202f\u00b5L extract were applied. Plates were incubated (37\u202f\u00b0C) and colonies enumerated at 6\u2011h intervals up to 24\u202fh.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4 Inhibition\u2011Zone Assay<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">IZDs were measured on pre\u2011seeded agar plates using the same extract concentrations. Measurements were recorded on days\u00a02,\u202f4,\u202f6\u202fand\u202f8 with a digital caliper. Ciprofloxacin (5\u202f\u00b5g) served as positive control; solvent discs were negative controls.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.5 Statistical Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">All experiments were performed in triplicate. Data were expressed as mean\u202f\u00b1\u202fSD. One\u2011way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s post\u2011hoc test determined significant differences (p\u202f&lt;\u202f0.05). IC\u2085\u2080 values were estimated by nonlinear regression (GraphPad Prism\u00a09).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4\u2003Results<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from fenugreek, cinnamon, and carob using three complementary microbiological assays: CFU enumeration, inhibition zone measurement, and IC\u2085\u2080 estimation. The findings demonstrate differential potency among the extracts against both <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.1 Colony\u2011Count Reduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 1. Antibacterial Efficacy of Ethanolic Extracts on Colony-Forming Units (CFU) After 24 Hours<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Extract (100\u202f%)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> CFU\u202fplate\u207b\u00b9 (24\u202fh)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Reduction vs. control<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong><em>S. aureus<\/em> CFU\u202fplate\u207b\u00b9 (24\u202fh)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Reduction vs. control<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Fenugreek<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>99\u202f%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>91\u202f%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cinnamon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>97\u202f%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>9.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>75\u202f%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Carob<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>71\u202f%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>58\u202f%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1979\" height=\"1180\" class=\"wp-image-14004\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-1.png 1979w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-1-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-1-1024x611.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-1-768x458.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-1-1536x916.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-1-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1979px) 100vw, 1979px\" \/><br \/><\/strong> Fenugreek extract exhibited the strongest bactericidal activity, reducing <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em> counts by 99% and 91%, respectively. Cinnamon also showed strong inhibition, though less potent, while carob had comparatively moderate effects. These results suggest differential phytochemical efficacy against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.2 Inhibition\u2011Zone Diameters<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table 2. Inhibition Zone Diameters (mm) of Plant Extracts at Varying Concentrations<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Concentration (%)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Fenugreek IZD (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Cinnamon IZD (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Carob IZD (mm)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>25%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>7.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>8.1\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>8.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.4<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>50%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>9.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>10.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>10.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>75%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>11.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.4<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>11.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>11.6\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.4<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>100%<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>10.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>10.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>12.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1432\" height=\"854\" class=\"wp-image-14005\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-2.png 1432w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-2-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-2-1024x611.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-2-768x458.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/word-image-14003-2-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1432px) 100vw, 1432px\" \/><br \/><\/strong> All extracts demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in inhibition zone diameter up to 75%, after which fenugreek and cinnamon plateaued, while carob continued to show increased efficacy at 100%. This may reflect the differential release and diffusion of active compounds at higher concentrations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.3 Dose\u2013Response and IC\u2085\u2080<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Extract potency against <em>E.\u00a0coli<\/em> followed the order Fenugreek\u202f&gt;\u202fCinnamon\u202f&gt;\u202fCarob with IC\u2085\u2080 values of 0.38,\u202f0.52 and\u202f0.67 (fraction of full strength), respectively. Similar ranking occurred for <em>S.\u00a0aureus<\/em> (0.42,\u202f0.55,\u202f0.70).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5\u2003Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The results of this study highlight the differential antibacterial potency of fenugreek, cinnamon, and carob ethanolic extracts against <em>E. coli<\/em> and <em>S. aureus<\/em>. The superior activity of fenugreek aligns with its well-documented phytochemical composition, notably rich in steroidal saponins, flavonoids, and unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and palmitic acids. These compounds are known to compromise bacterial membrane integrity, disrupt metabolic pathways, and induce oxidative stress (Srinivasan, 2006; Thomas et al., 2011; Al-Habori &amp; Raman, 2002; Pandey &amp; Awasthi, 2015). The observed near-complete reduction in <em>E. coli<\/em> CFUs (99%) and significant inhibition of <em>S. aureus<\/em> confirms fenugreek\u2019s broad-spectrum efficacy.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cinnamon\u2019s notable antibacterial activity is consistent with the high concentration of trans-cinnamaldehyde, its principal volatile constituent. Cinnamaldehyde has been shown to inhibit bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm formation, mechanisms essential for pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance (Gill &amp; Holley, 2004; Matan et al., 2006; Chang et al., 2001). The inhibition zone data and CFU reduction strongly support its efficacy, particularly against <em>E. coli<\/em>, which is in line with prior findings (Friedman et al., 2004).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Carob exhibited the weakest activity among the three, though it still demonstrated measurable antibacterial effects. This result is consistent with its phytochemical profile, which includes high sugar content and comparatively lower levels of polyphenolics and flavonoids. However, the presence of tannins and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) may contribute to its moderate inhibitory effects through membrane disruption and oxidative damage (Simsek, 2017; Daglia, 2012; Benkovi\u0107 et al., 2018). This suggests possible synergistic action despite the less aggressive antibacterial profile.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Interestingly, all three extracts showed greater activity against <em>E. coli<\/em> than <em>S. aureus<\/em>. This could reflect inherent structural differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. While <em>S. aureus<\/em> possesses a thick peptidoglycan layer, <em>E. coli<\/em> has an outer membrane rich in lipopolysaccharides that may be more susceptible to phytochemical disruption. Furthermore, efflux pump mechanisms in <em>S. aureus<\/em> may reduce intracellular accumulation of active compounds (Cowan, 1999).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The observed non-linear dose\u2013response curve, particularly the reduced inhibition zone diameter for fenugreek at 100% concentration, could suggest solubility constraints, compound precipitation, or antagonistic interactions between certain metabolites at higher concentrations (Wagner &amp; Ulrich-Merzenich, 2009). This highlights the importance of considering formulation dynamics and compound synergy when developing plant-based antimicrobial therapies.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Overall, the study reinforces the antimicrobial promise of traditional Sudanese botanicals and supports their potential application as natural antibacterial agents in food safety and therapeutic formulations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>6\u2003Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">All three Sudanese natural products possess antibacterial properties, with fenugreek showing the greatest bactericidal effect and cinnamon a strong bacteriostatic action. Carob, though less potent, still offers measurable inhibition and could serve as a functional food preservative. Future work should (i) fractionate extracts to pinpoint active compounds, (ii) evaluate synergy with standard antibiotics, and (iii) assess cytotoxicity to ensure safety for therapeutic use.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The author thanks the Food Analysis and Microbiology Laboratories, University of Gezira, for technical support, and Dr\u00a0M.\u00a0Saeed for statistical guidance.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Barry, A.\u00a0L., Garcia, F., &amp; Thrupp, L.\u00a0D. (1970). <em>Am. J. Clin. Path.<\/em> 53, 149\u2011158. Fabricant, D.\u00a0S., &amp; Farnsworth, N.\u00a0R. (2001). <em>Environ.\u00a0Health Perspect.<\/em> 109(Suppl\u00a01), 69\u201175. Srinivasan, K. (2006). <em>Food Rev. Int.<\/em> 22, 203\u2011224. Thomas, J.\u00a0E., et\u202fal. (2011). <em>New\u00a0Biotechnol.<\/em> 28, 110\u2011117. Tomaino, A., et\u202fal. (2005). <em>Food Chem.<\/em> 89, 549\u2011554. Simsek, S. (2017). <em>Food Chem.<\/em> 221, 191\u2011198.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. <em>Clinical Microbiology Reviews<\/em>, 12(4), 564\u2013582.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cushnie, T. P., &amp; Lamb, A. J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. <em>International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents<\/em>, 26(5), 343\u2013356.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">O&#8217;Neill, J. (2016). <em>Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations<\/em>. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prestinaci, F., Pezzotti, P., &amp; Pantosti, A. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. <em>Pathogens and Global Health<\/em>, 109(7), 309\u2013318.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wagner, H., &amp; Ulrich-Merzenich, G. (2009). Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals. <em>Phytomedicine<\/em>, 16(2-3), 97\u2013110.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al-Habori, M., &amp; Raman, A. (2002). Pharmacological properties of fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum<\/em> L.). <em>Phytotherapy Research<\/em>, 16(7), 729\u2013736.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Benkovi\u0107, E. T., Kne\u017eevi\u0107, M., Bla\u017eekovi\u0107, B., &amp; Kremer, D. (2018). Antibacterial activity of polyphenolic extracts from carob (<em>Ceratonia siliqua<\/em> L.) pods. <em>Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy<\/em>, 18(2), 103\u2013112.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chang, S. T., Chen, P. F., &amp; Chang, S. C. (2001). Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from <em>Cinnamomum osmophloeum<\/em>. <em>Journal of Ethnopharmacology<\/em>, 77(1), 123\u2013127.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Daglia, M. (2012). Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents. <em>Current Opinion in Biotechnology<\/em>, 23(2), 174\u2013181.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., &amp; Mandrell, R. E. (2004). Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> O157:H7 and <em>Salmonella enterica<\/em> in apple juice. <em>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<\/em>, 52(19), 6042\u20136048.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Randhir, R., Lin, Y. T., &amp; Shetty, K. (2004). Phenolics and antioxidant activity in fenugreek (<em>Trigonella foenum-graecum<\/em>) sprouts. <em>Journal of Food Biochemistry<\/em>, 28(5), 443\u2013456.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1\u2003Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses one of the most pressing global health challenges of the 21st century. The World Health Organization estimates that, without urgent action, AMR could result in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14003","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14003"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14006,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14003\/revisions\/14006"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}