{"id":13950,"date":"2025-07-02T21:15:08","date_gmt":"2025-07-02T21:15:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=13950"},"modified":"2025-07-02T21:15:10","modified_gmt":"2025-07-02T21:15:10","slug":"6-7-35","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/6-7-35\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0622\u064a\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649<sup>2<\/sup>\u060c \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631<sup>3<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p><p><sup>3<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Geographical Interpretation: From Causality to Systemic Analysis \u2013 A Renewed Epistemological Debate<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Ismail Sassioui<sup>1<\/sup>, Youssef Ait Issa<sup>2<\/sup>, Sadiq Abdulnour<sup>3<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> Researcher in Geography Didactics, Laboratory of Educational Sciences and Humanities and Languages, Higher School of Education, Rabat, Morocco;<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> PhD Researcher, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco;<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>3<\/sup> Professor of Geography, Higher School of Education, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj67\/35' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj67\/35<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/67\/35' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/67\/35<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (7). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 533 - 545<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-06-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-06-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-07-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue7\/6-7-35.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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A, Abdulnour S. (2025). Geographical Interpretation: From Causality to Systemic Analysis \u2013 A Renewed Epistemological Debate. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Sassioui Ismail, Issa Youssef Ait, Abdulnour Sadiq. 2025. \\&quot;Geographical Interpretation: From Causality to Systemic Analysis \u2013 A Renewed Epistemological Debate.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 7. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Sassioui A, Issa Y. A, Abdulnour S. 2025. Geographical Interpretation: From Causality to Systemic Analysis \u2013 A Renewed Epistemological Debate. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-07-01. [Cited 2026-04-24]. 6(7). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-7-35\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Sassioui A, Issa Y. A, Abdulnour S. Geographical Interpretation: From Causality to Systemic Analysis \u2013 A Renewed Epistemological Debate. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-07-01; 6(7). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Sassioui A, Issa Y. A, Abdulnour S, \\&quot;Geographical Interpretation: From Causality to Systemic Analysis \u2013 A Renewed Epistemological Debate,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 7, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Sassioui Ismail, Issa Youssef Ait, Abdulnour Sadiq. \\&quot;Geographical Interpretation: From Causality to Systemic Analysis \u2013 A Renewed Epistemological Debate.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 7, 2025-07-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u064a. \u0622\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0635. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0622\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642. 2025. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(7). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u064a. \u0622\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0635. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2025-07-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-24]. 6(7). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/6-7-35\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u064a. \u0622\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0635. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-07-01\u061b 6(7). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u064a. \u0622\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0635. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 7\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0622\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642. \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 7\u060c 2025-07-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj67\\\/35&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> This study addresses the epistemological transformation witnessed in geographical interpretation, shifting from a traditional descriptive approach to causal explanation, and ultimately to a more comprehensive systemic analysis. The authors review the emergence of explanation in geography and the adoption of the positivist trend that emphasized causality in analyzing phenomena. They highlight the methodological and epistemic limitations of causal reasoning in the face of complex social and spatial phenomena. Consequently, the adoption of General Systems Theory enabled a paradigmatic shift toward treating geographical phenomena as complex, dynamic systems. The paper outlines the steps of systemic methodology\u2014exploration, qualitative modeling, and dynamic simulation\u2014emphasizing that the goal is not to isolate causes, but to understand the interactions among components within a unified system. The study concludes that systemic analysis represents a qualitative leap in geographical thought, offering a richer and more integrated interpretation of spatial reality and responding to contemporary epistemological challenges.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Geographical Interpretation, Causality, Systemic Analysis, Systems Theory, Contemporary Geography.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 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href=\"#post-13950-footnote-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 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\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645&#8221; General System Theory. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f &#8220;\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646&#8230; \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642<sup><a id=\"post-13950-footnote-ref-36\" href=\"#post-13950-footnote-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u061f<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642:<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 Syst\u00e8me \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 sustema \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 organisation\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 ensemble organis\u00e9. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 sunistemi \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 mettre en rapport, instituer. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a &#8220;\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642 interd\u00e9pendance \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642:<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a &#8220;\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0641\u064a\u063a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a Von Bertalanffy \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1933\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 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BERTLANFLY \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1951 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627<sup><a id=\"post-13950-footnote-ref-40\" href=\"#post-13950-footnote-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0631 &#8221; 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\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 les boucles de r\u00e9troaction leur polarit\u00e9 et les d\u00e9lais \u00e9ventuels. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 la mod\u00e9lisation qualitative<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 construction d\u2019une repr\u00e9sentation \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647 son fonctionnement\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647: \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644&#8230; \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c 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simulation <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 formalisme math\u00e9matique \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 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mod\u00e9lisation dynamique par analogie \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 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\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a. <a href=\"https:\/\/sociologie34.blogspot.com\/2013\/03\/blog-post_5950.html\">https:\/\/sociologie34.blogspot.com\/2013\/03\/blog-post_5950.html<\/a>. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 19\/09\/2024. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 15.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. 2002. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0631. 2005. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u060c \u0637 3\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zgor M\u2019Hammed, 1990, \u00ab\u00a0G\u00e9ographie Et Formation Intellectuelle\u00a0: Contribution A l\u2019\u00e9laboration d\u2019un Mod\u00e8le Didactique A Son Application Au Niveau De l\u2019\u00e9valuation De Licenci\u00e9s Marocains Au Seuil De La Profession d\u2019enseignant\u00a0\u00bb, Th\u00e8se De Doctorat d\u2019\u00e9tat, Facult\u00e9 De Psychologie Et P\u00e9dagogie. Vrije Universit\u00e9, Brussel.<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Caval.P.2014. \u00c9PIST\u00c9MOLOGIE DE LA G\u00c9OGRAPHIE. <a href=\"https:\/\/halldulivre.com\/listeliv.php?form_recherche_avancee=ok&amp;editeur=Armand%20Colin&amp;base=paper\">Armand Colin<\/a>. 3 Edition. Paris.<\/li>\n<li>BEAUJEU-GARNIER.J. 1971. La G\u00e9ographie M\u00e9thodes Et Perspective. Masson. Paris.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Derruau.(M). 1966. Pr\u00e9cis De G\u00e9ographie Humaine. Armand Colin. Paris.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Haggett. (P). 1973. L\u2019analyse Spatiale En G\u00e9ographie Humaine. Armand Colin. Paris.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">George. (P). 1978. Les M\u00e9thodes De La G\u00e9ographie. PUF. Paris.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">George. (P). 1964. Guglielmo R. Lacoste Y.1964. La G\u00e9ographie Active. P.U.F. Paris. P17<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tricart. (J). 1965.Prancipes Et M\u00e9thodes De G\u00e9omorphologie. Masson. Paris.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dollfus. (O).1971. L\u2019analyse G\u00e9ographique, P.U.F Paris.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Harvy. D. 1973, Explanation In Geography, Edward Arnold, 3east Read Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, U.S.A.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wagner-Remy Claire. 2016. La pens\u00e9e dirig\u00e9e : Trait\u00e9 sur le raisonnement et les logiques, Books on Demand, Paris.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Louise Blanchette. 1999. L\u2019approche syst\u00e9mique en sant\u00e9 mentale, Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Frederic Lasfargues, Christophe Dalin. 2007. Aurore Cambien, Une introduction \u00e0 l\u2019approche syst\u00e9mique, appr\u00e9hender la complexit\u00e9, Certu, janvier 2007, sur le lien \u00e9lectronique : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inist.fr\/nos-actualites\/fermeture-du-site-lara-le-1er-decembre-2019\/bitstream\/handle\/2332\/1431\/CERTU-RE_08-09.pdf\">https:\/\/www.inist.fr\/nos-actualites\/fermeture-du-site-lara-le-1er-decembre-2019\/bitstream\/handle\/2332\/1431\/CERTU-RE_08-09.pdf<\/a>. Consult\u00e9 le 23\/07\/2023, 10h.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Claval (P), 1977, La Nouvelle G\u00e9ographie, Q.S.J. P.U.F., Paris.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-1\">\n<p>Zgor M\u2019Hammed, 1990, \u00ab\u00a0G\u00e9ographie Et Formation Intellectuelle\u00a0: Contribution A l\u2019\u00e9laboration d\u2019un Mod\u00e8le Didactique A Son Application Au Niveau De l\u2019\u00e9valuation De Licenci\u00e9s Marocains Au Seuil De La Profession d\u2019enseignant\u00a0\u00bb, Th\u00e8se De Doctorat d\u2019\u00e9tat, Facult\u00e9 De Psychologie Et P\u00e9dagogie. Vrije Universit\u00e9, Brussel. P61 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-2\">\n<p>\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u064a. 2011.\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637. \u063531 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-3\">\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2003\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627). \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0629. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a 2002-2003.\u0635 61. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-4\">\n<p>\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649. 2003 \u0635 61. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-5\">\n<p>\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649. 2003 \u0635 61. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-6\">\n<p>Zgor M\u2019Hammed, 1990. P62. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-7\">\n<p>caval.P.2014. \u00c9PIST\u00c9MOLOGIE DE LA G\u00c9OGRAPHIE. <a href=\"https:\/\/halldulivre.com\/listeliv.php?form_recherche_avancee=ok&amp;editeur=Armand%20Colin&amp;base=paper\">Armand Colin<\/a>. 3 Edition. Paris.P44. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-8\">\n<p>BEAUJEU-GARNIER.J. 1971. La G\u00e9ographie M\u00e9thodes Et Perspective. Masson. Paris. P126 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-9\">\n<p>Beaujeu-Garnier(J). 1971.P132 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-10\">\n<p>Derruau.(M). 1966. Pr\u00e9cis De G\u00e9ographie Humaine. Armand Colin. Paris .P 19. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-11\">\n<p>Beaujeu-Garnier(J). 1971. 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P26 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-25\">\n<p>Zgor. (M) 1990. P67 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-26\">\n<p>Dollfus. (O).1971. L\u2019analyse G\u00e9ographique, P.U.F Paris. P56 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-27\">\n<p>Claval. (P).2014. P46 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-28\">\n<p>Zgor. (M) 1990.P68 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-29\">\n<p>Claval. (P). 2014.P47 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-30\">\n<p>Harvy. D. 1973, Explanation In Geography, Edward Arnold, 3east Read Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, U.S.A.P 42 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-31\">\n<p>Zgor. (M) 1990.P70 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-32\">\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646.2005. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627. \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637. \u0635 72. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-33\">\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a. <a href=\"https:\/\/sociologie34.blogspot.com\/2013\/03\/blog-post_5950.html\">https:\/\/sociologie34.blogspot.com\/2013\/03\/blog-post_5950.html<\/a>. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 19\/09\/2024. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 15. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-34\">\n<p>Wagner-Remy Claire. 2016. La pens\u00e9e dirig\u00e9e : Trait\u00e9 sur le raisonnement et les logiques, Books on Demand, Paris.p 222. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-35\">\n<p>Louise Blanchette. 1999. L\u2019approche syst\u00e9mique en sant\u00e9 mentale, Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. p 19. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-36\">\n<p>Frederic Lasfargues, Christophe Dalin. 2007. Aurore Cambien, Une introduction \u00e0 l\u2019approche syst\u00e9mique, appr\u00e9hender la complexit\u00e9, Certu, janvier 2007, sur le lien \u00e9lectronique : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inist.fr\/nos-actualites\/fermeture-du-site-lara-le-1er-decembre-2019\/bitstream\/handle\/2332\/1431\/CERTU-RE_08-09.pdf\">https:\/\/www.inist.fr\/nos-actualites\/fermeture-du-site-lara-le-1er-decembre-2019\/bitstream\/handle\/2332\/1431\/CERTU-RE_08-09.pdf<\/a>. Consult\u00e9 le 23\/07\/2023, 10h. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-37\">\n<p>\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0631. 2005. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u060c \u0637 3\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a. \u063573. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-38\">\n<p>Claval (P), 1977, <strong>La Nouvelle G\u00e9ographie<\/strong>, Q.S.J. P.U.F., Paris.P35 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-39\">\n<p>\u0628\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. 2002. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637. \u063569. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-40\">\n<p>Harvy.)D( .1973.P 20 <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-41\">\n<p>\u0628\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. 2002.\u063572. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"post-13950-footnote-42\">\n<p>\u0628\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. 2002.\u0635 286. <a href=\"#post-13950-footnote-ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13950","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13950","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13950"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13950\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13952,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13950\/revisions\/13952"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13950"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}