{"id":13703,"date":"2025-05-31T14:50:34","date_gmt":"2025-05-31T14:50:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=13703"},"modified":"2025-05-31T14:50:36","modified_gmt":"2025-05-31T14:50:36","slug":"6-6-27","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/6-6-27\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: left; font-family:Times New Roman;'>A Linguistic Study of Pre-modification in Selected English Short Stories<\/h3><h4 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h4><p style='text-align: left; font-weight:bold;'>Asst. Inst. Fatin Waleed Jawad<sup>1<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction: ltr; text-align: left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> Al-Iraqia University \/ College of Education for Women \/Department of English<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj66\/27' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj66\/27<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Arabic Scientific Research Identifier:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/66\/27' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/66\/27<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Volume (6) Issue (6). Pages:<\/strong> 394 - 403<\/p><p style='text-align: left;'><strong>Received at:<\/strong> 2025-05-07 | <strong>Accepted at:<\/strong> 2025-05-15 | <strong>Published at:<\/strong> 2025-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue6\/6-6-27.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n.hnsj-cite-note{display:block;margin-top:6px;font-size:13px;opacity:.85}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-backdrop{\r\n  position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99998;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal{\r\n  position:fixed; left:50%; top:50%; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n  width:min(760px,94vw); background:#fff; border-radius:14px;\r\n  box-shadow:0 12px 35px rgba(0,0,0,.28);\r\n  display:none; z-index:99999; overflow:hidden;\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center;\r\n  padding:14px 16px; border-bottom:1px solid #eee; background:#f8fafc;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:800;color:#111827}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close{\r\n  border:1px solid #d1d5db; background:#fff;\r\n  width:34px; height:34px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  font-size:18px; cursor:pointer; line-height:0; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-modal-close:hover{background:#f3f4f6}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-tabs{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; padding:10px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800; color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-tab:hover{background:#e5e7eb;border-color:#9ca3af}\r\n.hnsj-tab.active{\r\n  background:#0b5ed7; border-color:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(11,94,215,.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-modal-body{padding:14px 16px}\r\n.hnsj-row{\r\n  display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center;\r\n  margin-bottom:10px; justify-content:flex-end;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-select{\r\n  padding:10px 12px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #cfcfcf; min-width:220px;\r\n  background:#fff; color:#111827; font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy{\r\n  padding:10px 14px; border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7; background:#0b5ed7; color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer; font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-copy:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\r\n.hnsj-textarea{\r\n  width:100%; min-height:130px; padding:12px;\r\n  border-radius:12px; border:1px solid #cfcfcf;\r\n  line-height:1.7; resize:vertical; color:#111827; background:#fff;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-actions{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; margin-top:10px; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\r\n.hnsj-dl{\r\n  padding:10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius:10px;\r\n  border:1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n  background:#0b5ed7;\r\n  color:#fff;\r\n  cursor:pointer;\r\n  font-weight:800;\r\n}\r\n.hnsj-dl:hover{background:#084bb0;border-color:#084bb0}\r\n\/* Force the citation modal UI to be independent from site RTL\/LTR *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal,\r\n.hnsj-modal *{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n  text-align: left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep the header title readable *\/\r\n.hnsj-modal-header{\r\n  direction: ltr;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function slugifyFileName(s){\r\n    return (s || 'citation')\r\n      .toString()\r\n      .trim()\r\n      .replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/\/i,'')\r\n      .replace(\/[^a-z0-9]+\/gi,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/-+\/g,'-')\r\n      .replace(\/^-|-$\/g,'')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function downloadTextFile(filename, content, mime){\r\n    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mime || 'text\/plain;charset=utf-8' });\r\n    var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\r\n    var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n    a.href = url;\r\n    a.download = filename;\r\n    document.body.appendChild(a);\r\n    a.click();\r\n    a.remove();\r\n    setTimeout(function(){ URL.revokeObjectURL(url); }, 500);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function splitAuthors(str){\r\n    if(!str) return [];\r\n    return str\r\n      .split(\/,|\u061b|\u060c|;|\\n\/g)\r\n      .map(s => s.trim())\r\n      .filter(Boolean);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function buildRIS(m, langKey){\r\n    const title   = (langKey === 'ar') ? 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Inst. Fatin Waleed Jawad&quot;,&quot;authors_ar&quot;:&quot;Asst. Inst. 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W.. (2025). A Linguistic Study of Pre-modification in Selected English Short Stories. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Jawad, Fatin Waleed. 2025. \\&quot;A Linguistic Study of Pre-modification in Selected English Short Stories.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Jawad F. W.. 2025. A Linguistic Study of Pre-modification in Selected English Short Stories. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-06-01. [Cited 2026-04-25]. 6(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/6-6-27\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Jawad F. W.. A Linguistic Study of Pre-modification in Selected English Short Stories. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-06-01; 6(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Jawad F. W., \\&quot;A Linguistic Study of Pre-modification in Selected English Short Stories,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Jawad, Fatin Waleed. \\&quot;A Linguistic Study of Pre-modification in Selected English Short Stories.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, 2025-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Jawad F. W. (2025). \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Jawad Fatin Waleed. 2025. \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Jawad F. W. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2025-06-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-25]. 6(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/6-6-27\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Jawad F. W. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-06-01\u061b 6(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Jawad F. W. \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Jawad Fatin Waleed. \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2025-06-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/27&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' data-hnsj-style><\/select>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <textarea class='hnsj-textarea' data-hnsj-box readonly><\/textarea>\r\n\r\n      <div class='hnsj-actions'>\r\n        <div style='display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;'>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='ris'>Download RIS<\/button>\r\n          <button type='button' class='hnsj-dl' data-hnsj-dl='bib'>Download BibTeX<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Pre-modification is a grammatical concept, it is represented by several sentence elements including adjectives, nouns, participles and genitives. These sentence elements are called pre-modifiers when they carry the pre-modification of the head noun in within the construction of a noun phrase. The aim of this research is to shed light on how pre-modification is occurred in two selected English short stories which are \u201cThe Swimmer\u201d (1964) and \u201cThe Reunion\u201d (1962) by the American writer John Cheever. The occurrences of the pre-modifiers, with their different types, in both short stories are noticed. It has been concluded pre- modifiers appear widely in the short stories but adjectives occupy the highest occurrence among other pre-modifiers.<\/p><p style='text-align:left; direction:ltr;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Pre-modification, Adjectives, Short stories, English language, John Cheever.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:rtl;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627: \"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062d\" (1964) \u0648\"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\" (1962) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Introduction <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Generally, English sentences are built with a noun phrase and a verb phrase. Noun phrases can be expanded before the main noun through a process called pre-modification, where a group of words known as pre-modifiers comes before the noun. Quirk etal. (1985) explain that a noun phrase is a phrase whose core element is a noun. These phrases can act as different parts of a sentence, such as the subject or the object. The most basic noun phrase includes an article and a head noun. This head noun can be changed or added to in two ways: by adding words before it (pre-modification) or after it (post-modification). Stageberg (1981) similarly defines a noun phrase as a noun along with any related words or groups of words that describe it. The noun itself is the central part, or head, and the other words are its modifiers.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>&#8211; The yellow tulips. <\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In their analysis of noun phrase (NP) structure, Quirk et al. (1985) highlight the head as the primary component. This head element is central to the NP, with other constituents positioned around it. Notably, the head often determines grammatical agreement with other parts of the clause:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211;<em>The man in the garden is my brother. <\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>-The men in the garden are my brothers. <\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>-The fat man in the garden who has a black coat is my brother.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2 \u2013 The determiner<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Determiners commonly introduce noun phrases in English, with articles (a, an, the) and demonstratives being the most typical. English quantifiers (like some, all, few) also function this way, although other languages might classify them differently. Determiners usually indicate definiteness, number (singular\/plural), and, for demonstratives, distance.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Pre-modifiers: An Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quirk et al. (1985) state that a variety of words and phrases, from simple adjectives to even entire sentences, can come before a main noun. They then provide a list of these pre-modifiers. However, there&#8217;s no complete agreement among linguists about exactly which types of words can function in this way. For instance, Bache (1978) argues against adverbs as pre-modifiers, a view that Huddleston and Pullum (2006)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.1 Adjectives <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Arnaud (2010) contends that in contrast to concrete nouns, adjectives in isolation generally resist the formation of a corresponding mental image (p. 304). This necessitates their association with other discourse elements for complete understanding (ibid.). Teyssier (1968) echoes this observation, describing the adjective as a &#8220;mere semantic addition&#8221; dependent on a noun for its full functionality (pp. 225\u20136). According to Arnaud (2010), when functioning as a pre-modifier, adjectives can serve either a categorizing or a qualifying role in relation to the head noun (p. 305). A case in point is:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>We had a pleasant journey this time.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">As Quirk et al. (1973: 395\u20136) explain, an adjective positioned before the noun it describes, notably when it immediately follows the determiner, can itself be modified by preceding words, illustrated by cases such as:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>His really quite unbelievably delightful cottage.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.2 Nouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nouns can also act as pre-modifiers of other nouns (Quirk et al., 1984), illustrated by phrases like &#8220;staff room&#8221; and &#8220;pencil case.&#8221; Arnaud (2010) notes that frequent use of some nouns as pre-modifiers can lead to a specific dictionary entry for their modifier function. Quirk et al. (1973) also observe the close relationship between noun pre-modifiers and the nouns they modify, suggesting a compounding effect. Many of these pre-modifiers appear to be less explicit versions of post-modifying prepositional phrases.<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>The question of partition ~ The partition question.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The door of the cupboard ~ The cupboard door.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>A village in Sussex~ A Sussex village.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">But not all noun pre-modifiers have prepositional phrase analogues:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>Bernard Miles was both actor and producer ~The actor-producer.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Noun modifiers have certain limitations. Typically, plural nouns don&#8217;t function as pre-modifiers; instead, they take a singular form, like &#8220;arms&#8221; becoming &#8220;arm&#8221; in &#8220;armchair&#8221; (Quirk et al. 1985:914). This is even true for nouns that lack a singular form altogether.<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>The leg of the trousers ~ The &#8216;trouser leg.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3 Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3.1 <em>ing<\/em> participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Linguists like Huddleston (1984) and Laczk\u00f3 (2001) have recently pointed out issues with simply classifying all &#8220;-ing&#8221; words that come before a noun as adjectives. They argue that from a grammatical perspective, this one-size-fits-all approach doesn&#8217;t really work. For instance, the &#8220;-ing&#8221; words in phrases like &#8220;an interesting article&#8221; or &#8220;a fascinating experience&#8221; act a lot like typical adjectives. However, the &#8220;-ing&#8221; words in phrases such as &#8220;the approaching aircraft&#8221; or &#8220;the laughing man&#8221; behave differently. Because of these differences in how they function grammatically, &#8220;-ing&#8221; words that modify nouns can be split into two groups: those that act like adjectives and those that act more like verbs. Here&#8217;s an example to illustrate this:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>Freezing water<\/em> (\u2018very cold water\u2019) Adjectival participle<\/li>\n<li><em>Freezing water<\/em> (\u2018the water\u2019s temperature is decreasing towards its freezing point\u2019) Verbal participle<\/li>\n<li><em>A stimulating lecture<\/em>. Adjectival participle<\/li>\n<li><em>A stimulating electrode<\/em>. Verbal participle<\/li>\n<li><em>Sparkling results<\/em>. Adjectival participle<\/li>\n<li><em>Sparkling quartz<\/em>. Verbal participle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unlike the definite article (which suggests something specific or temporary), the indefinite article usually indicates a characteristic that is habitual or permanent.<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>I was wakened by a barking dog. (indefinite article)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>But it is strange to say:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>The barking dog is my neighbour (definite article).<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.3.2 <em>&#8211; ed<\/em> Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wekker and Aurts (2013:141) state that -ed participles can only be used in pre-modification if they denote lasting characteristics or are already adverbially pre-modified.<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>A renovated house. <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>*A bought house.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>* An invited guest.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>A specially invited guest<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">ed participles derived from prepositional and phrasal verbs, such as &#8220;a hoped-for takeover&#8221; or &#8220;a stuffed-up nose,&#8221; can be used in pre-modification in English. Generally, these participles are only permissible in pre-modifying positions if they are adverbially modified or preceded by the prefix &#8220;un-.&#8221;<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>This endlessly talked- about subject.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Un heard of achievement.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Un hoped for success<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to Quirk et al. (1973: 397), many rules applying to -ing participles also apply to -ed participles, but with some complexities. While -ed participles can be either active or passive, the active form is rarely used in pre-modification, as exemplified by:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>The immigrant who has arrived.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">But not:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>*The arrived immigrant<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>However, an exception occurs when an active participle is modified by an adverb, as seen in:<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>The newly-arrived iimmigrant. <\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Other examples like (<em>born, hidden, married, troubled<\/em>, <em>darkened, <\/em>etc..), they must include a permanent reference or be modified by an adverb: <em>a married man, a newly-born child<\/em>, <em>a<\/em> <em>carefully-hidden spy<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">An example include <em>-ing <\/em>and <em>-ed <\/em>participles like \u2018<em>a<\/em> <em>carefully-hidden spy\u2019:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>A spy, carefully hidden in the bushes (-ed participle)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>A spy, carefully hiding in the bushes (-ing participle) <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4 Genitives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to Quirk et al. )1973:399) in the presence of genitives, the determiner is used to indicate the genitive, the modifiers should refer to the genitive only:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em> These nasty women\u2019s clothing.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">imply \u2018<em>the clothing of these nasty women\u2019<\/em> and not \u2018<em>the nasty clothing of these women<\/em>\u2019 that would be expressed by: <em>These women&#8217;s nasty<\/em> <em>clothing.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">A modifier in the middle of the construction modifies the head:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>This nasty women\u2019s clothing.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">indicate \u2018<em>this nasty clothing belonging to (or designed for) women\u2019.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kreyer (2010:78) shows that pre-modification by the genitive is a specific case of pre-modification by noun phrase:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>Our local boy\u2019s school.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Our lovely friend\u2019s bike.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the first case, the genitive is a pre-modifier of <em>school<\/em>. This indicates the \u2018<em>classifying genitives\u2019<\/em> in contrast with \u2018<em>specifying genitives\u2019<\/em> which is obvious in the second case.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2018<em>Friend\u2019s bike\u2019<\/em> does not mean a class of bikes but a special one. The genitive refers the head. Thus, it can be concluded that classifying genitive is a pre-modifier while the specifying genitive is usually a determiner (ibid:79).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3- Data Analysis of \u201cThe Swimmer\u201d (1964) and \u201cThe Reunion\u201d (1962)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table (1) Pre-modification in \u201cThe Swimmer\u201d and \u201cThe Reunion\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Type of Pre-modifier<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Pre-modifier<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>The Reunion<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Type of Pre-modifier<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Pre-modifier<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>The Swimmer<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>NO.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>last<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>The last time I saw my father was in Grand Central Station<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Noun, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Midsummer, last<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>It was one of those midsummer Sundays when everyone sits around saying, \u201cI drank too much last night.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>genitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>grandmother&#8217;s<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>I was going from my grandmother&#8217;s In the Adirondacks<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>ing- participle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>leaving<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>You might have heard it whispered by the parishioners leaving church<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>information<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/15125573\/John-cheever-reunion\/His-secretary-wrote-to-say-that-he-would-meet-me-at-the-information-booth-at-noon\"><em> he would meet me at the information booth at noon<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Noun, noun, noun, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Golf, tennis, Audubon, terrible<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>heard it from the golf links and the tennis courts, heard it from the wildlife preserve where the leader of the Audubon group was suffering from a terrible hangover<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>a big, good-looking<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He was a big, good-looking man<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective, adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Artesian, high, iron, pale<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>The pool, fed by an artesian well with a high iron content, was a pale shade of green.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>rich<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>It was a rich compound of\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/16430693\/John-cheever-reunion\/Whiskey\"><em>whiskey.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>fine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>It was a fine day.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective, noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Old,red, kitchen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>There was one very old waiter in a red coat down by the kitchen door.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Ing- participle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>approaching<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>a city seen from a distance\u2014 from the bow of an approaching ship\u2014 that it might have had a name.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>loud<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>my father hailed the waiter in a loud voice<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Neddy Merrill sat by the green water,<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>empty<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>His boisterousness in the empty restaurant seemed out of place<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Slender, especial<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He was a slender man, he seemed to have the especial slenderness of youth\u2014<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>little<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Could we have a little service here<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, noun, ing- participle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Bronze, hall, dining<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>he had slid down banister that morning and given the bronze backside of aphrodite on the hall table a smack, as he jogged toward the smell of coffee in his dining room<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Beefeater<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>We would like a couple of\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/16430698\/John-cheever-reunion\/Beefeater-gibsons\"><em>Beefeater Gibsons.<\/em><\/a><em>&#8220;<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Genitive, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>summer\u2019s, last<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He might have been compared to a summer\u2019s day, particularly the last hours of one<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>old<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>I have a whistle that is audible only to the ears of old waiters<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Noun, noun, noun, adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Tennis, sail, youth, sport, and clement<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>he lacked a tennis racket or a sail bag the impression was definitely one of youth, sport, and clement weather.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Little, little<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Now, take out your little pad and your little pencil<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Genitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>cartographer\u2019s<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He seemed to see, with a cartographer\u2019s eye, that string of swimming pools (p.2)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>brilliant<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>&#8220;That,&#8221; said my father, &#8220;is one of the most brilliant suggestions I have ever heard<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>practical<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He was not a practical joker<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Empty<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He then struck the edge of his empty glass with his knife<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Vague, modest, legendary<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He was determinedly original and had a vague and modest idea of himself as a legendary figure.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>interesting<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>&#8220;I have some very interesting news for you.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>long<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>The day was beautiful and it seemed to him that a long swim might enlarge and celebrate its beauty.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, ing- participle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Pink, hunting<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Here the waiters wore pink jackets like hunting coats<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>inexplicable<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He had an inexplicable contempt for men who did not hurl themselves into pools.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>horse<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>there was a lot of horse tack on the walls.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Flutter, choppy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He swam a choppy crawl, breathing either with every stroke or every fourth stroke and counting somewhere well in the back of his mind the one-two<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>one-two of a flutter kick.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Beefeater<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>I want two Beefeater Gibsons<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Serviceable, long<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>It was not a serviceable stroke for long distances<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Jolly, old<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Things have changed in jolly old England.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Noun , adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Light, green<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>To be embraced and sustained by the light green water<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>impudent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>it is an impudent domestic<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Noun, adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Ditmar, short, public<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>He would cross Ditmar Street to the Bunkers and come, after a short portage, to the Levys, the Welchers, and the public pool in Lancaster<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>marvelous<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Mrs. Graham said, \u201cwhat a marvelous surprise<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Ing- participle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>living<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>The Lears heard him splashing past the open windows of their living room<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Genitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Bunkers\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>The Bunkers\u2019 pool was on a rise and he climbed some stairs to a terrace where twenty-five or thirty men and women were drinking<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>rubber<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>. The only person in the water was Rusty Towers, who floated there on a rubber raft.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective, adjective, adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Prosperous, white, cold<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>Prosperous men and women gathered by the sapphirecolored waters while caterer\u2019s men in white coats passed them cold gin.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Ing- participle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>smiling<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><em>A smiling bartender he had seen at a hundred parties gave him a gin and tonic and he stood by the bar for a moment<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>26<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.<\/strong> <strong>Results of the Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4.1. The pre-modification in English Short Stories \u201cThe Swimmer\u201d and \u201cThe Reunion\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Table (2) Types of pre-modifiers the English Short Stories<\/strong><\/p>\n<table dir=\"ltr\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Types of Pre-modifiers<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>The Reunion<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong> % <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>The Swimmer<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong> %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adjective<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>72%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>64%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>20%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>ing-participles<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>10%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>ed- participle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>null<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>null<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Genitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. <strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre-modification is a crucial grammatical concept in English. It is widely used with constructions that include noun phrases. Pre- modification can be expressed by adjectives, nouns, ing- participles, ed- participles as well as genitives. It has been concluded that pre-modifiers are used widely in English short stories. Adjectives are the most repeated pre- modifiers with excessive occurrences, they rate (64%) in \u201cThe Swimmer\u201d and (72%) in \u201cThe Reunion\u201d. Secondly, noun pre-modifiers constitute (20%) in both short stories. On the other hand, ing- participle are less used with the percentage (10%) in \u201cThe Swimmer\u201d and (4%) in \u201cThe Reunion\u201d. ed- participle scores no occurrences in both short stories, this indicates that there is a wider tendency to pre-modify by ing- participle than using ed- participle. Pre-modification by genetives occupies low percentage with little occurrences in both short stories, they rate (6%) in \u201cThe Swimmer\u201d and (4%) in \u201cThe Reunion\u201d.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adamson, S. (2000). \u201cA Lovely Little Example: Word Order Options and Category Shift in the Premodifying String.\u201d In O. Fisher, A.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Arnaud, P.J. L. (2010). \u201cJudging the Degree of Adjectivization of English Nouns: An Investigation of the Discourse Behaviour of a Sample of Frequent Premodifier Nouns.\u201d <em>English<\/em> <em>Studies <\/em>91, 3: 303\u2013327.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bache, C. (1978). <em>The Order of Premodifying Adjectives in Present-day English<\/em>. Odense: Odense University Press.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bache, C. (1982). 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(2002). \u201cPrenominal Adjectives in English: Structures and Ordering.\u201d <em>Folia Linguistica <\/em>36, 3\/4: 219\u2013259.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Warren, B. (1984). <em>Classifying Adjectives<\/em>. Gothenburg: Universitatis Gothoburgensis.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wekker, H.Ch., Aurts,F.G.A. (2013), <em>A Contrastive Grammar of English and Dutch \/ Contrastieve grammatica Engels<\/em> \/ Nederlands.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction Generally, English sentences are built with a noun phrase and a verb phrase. Noun phrases can be expanded before the main noun through a process called pre-modification, where [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13703","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13703","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13703"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13703\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13726,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13703\/revisions\/13726"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13703"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}