{"id":13619,"date":"2025-05-31T14:54:22","date_gmt":"2025-05-31T14:54:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=13619"},"modified":"2025-05-31T14:54:25","modified_gmt":"2025-05-31T14:54:25","slug":"6-6-9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/6-6-9\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"journal-article\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><h3 style='text-align: right; font-family:Simplified Arabic;'>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (1989-2023): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/h3><p style='text-align:right; font-weight:bold; direction:rtl;'>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642<sup>1<\/sup>\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646<sup>2<\/sup>\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a<sup>3<\/sup>\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0648\u064a<sup>4<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:rtl; text-align:right; font-size:12px; line-height:1.5;'><p><sup>1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: farouknadia2020@gmail.com<\/p><p><sup>2<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p><sup>3<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p><p><sup>4<\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634.<\/p><\/div><h4 style='text-align:left; direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed; font-family:Times New Roman;'>Studying the Impact of Climatic Variability on Agricultural Dynamics (1989_2023): Case of Some Communities in the Upper Tessaout<\/h4><p style='text-align:left; font-weight:bold; direction:ltr; margin-top:12px;'>Nadia Farouk<sup>1<\/sup>, Imad Bouizelan<sup>2<\/sup>, Abdelhadi Mofidi<sup>3<\/sup>, Said Azzoui<sup>4<\/sup><\/p><div style='direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-size:12px; line-height:1.7; margin-bottom:10px;'><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>1<\/sup> PhD Research Student, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.<br><span style=\"font-size:12px;\">Email:<\/span> farouknadia2020@gmail.com;<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>2<\/sup> PhD Research Student, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco;<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>3<\/sup> PhD Research Student, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Chouaib Doukkali University, Morocco;<\/p><p style='margin:0 0 8px 0;'><sup>4<\/sup> Professor of Higher Education, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco<\/p><\/div><p style='text-align:left;'><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj66\/9' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj66\/9<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b:<\/strong> <a href='https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/66\/9' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>https:\/\/arsri.org\/10000\/66\/9<\/a><\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (6). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> 124 - 137<\/p><p style='text-align: right;'><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-05-07 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> 2025-05-15 | <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631:<\/strong> 2025-06-01<\/p><p><a href='\/volume6\/issue6\/6-6-9.pdf' target='_blank' rel='noopener' style='background-color:green;color:white;padding:10px 15px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;'>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n.hnsj-cite-btn{\r\n  display:inline-flex; 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'\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u2713' : 'Copied \u2713';\r\n      setTimeout(()=> copyBtn.textContent = old, 1200);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    openBtn.addEventListener('click', openModal);\r\n    closeBtn.addEventListener('click', closeModal);\r\n    back.addEventListener('click', closeModal);\r\n\r\n    tabs.forEach(t => t.addEventListener('click', ()=> setLang(t.dataset.lang)));\r\n    select.addEventListener('change', onStyleChange);\r\n    copyBtn.addEventListener('click', copyCitation);\r\n\r\n    dlBtns.forEach(btn => {\r\n      btn.addEventListener('click', function(){\r\n        parseData();\r\n        const kind = btn.getAttribute('data-hnsj-dl'); \/\/ ris or bib\r\n        const langKey = lang || 'en';\r\n        const base = slugifyFileName(meta.doi || meta.title_en || meta.title_ar || 'citation');\r\n\r\n        if (kind === 'ris') {\r\n          downloadTextFile(base + '.ris', buildRIS(meta, langKey), 'application\/x-research-info-systems;charset=utf-8');\r\n        } else {\r\n          downloadTextFile(base + '.bib', buildBibTeX(meta, langKey), 'application\/x-bibtex;charset=utf-8');\r\n        }\r\n      });\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    document.addEventListener('keydown', (e)=>{\r\n      if(e.key === 'Escape' && modal.style.display === 'block') closeModal();\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function bootHnsjCite(){\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('[data-hnsj-cite-root]').forEach(initHnsjCite);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Run now if DOM already ready, otherwise wait\r\n  if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bootHnsjCite);\r\n  } else {\r\n    bootHnsjCite();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Also handle late injected content (builders\/cache)\r\n  const obs = new MutationObserver(() => bootHnsjCite());\r\n  obs.observe(document.documentElement, { childList: true, subtree: true });\r\n\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<div data-hnsj-cite-root id='hnsjCite_17760'>\r\n  <button type='button' class='hnsj-cite-btn' data-hnsj-open>\r\n    <span>\ud83d\udccc<\/span><span>Cite this article<\/span>\r\n  <\/button>\r\n\r\n  <div class='hnsj-modal-backdrop' data-hnsj-backdrop><\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class='hnsj-modal' data-hnsj-modal data-meta='{&quot;authors_en&quot;:&quot;Nadia Farouk, Imad Bouizelan, Abdelhadi Mofidi, Said Azzoui&quot;,&quot;authors_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0648\u064a&quot;,&quot;title_en&quot;:&quot;Studying the Impact of Climatic Variability on Agricultural Dynamics (1989_2023): Case of Some Communities in the Upper Tessaout&quot;,&quot;title_ar&quot;:&quot;\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (1989-2023): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627&quot;,&quot;journal_en&quot;:&quot;Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal&quot;,&quot;journal_ar&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&quot;,&quot;year&quot;:&quot;2025&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;doi&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/6-6-9\\\/&quot;,&quot;published_at&quot;:&quot;2025-06-01&quot;}' data-cit-en='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;Farouk N., Bouizelan I., Mofidi A., Azzoui S.. (2025). Studying the Impact of Climatic Variability on Agricultural Dynamics (1989_2023): Case of Some Communities in the Upper Tessaout. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;Farouk, Nadia; Bouizelan, Imad; Mofidi, Abdelhadi; Azzoui, Said. 2025. \\&quot;Studying the Impact of Climatic Variability on Agricultural Dynamics (1989_2023): Case of Some Communities in the Upper Tessaout.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal 6, no. 6. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;Farouk N., Bouizelan I., Mofidi A., Azzoui S.. 2025. Studying the Impact of Climatic Variability on Agricultural Dynamics (1989_2023): Case of Some Communities in the Upper Tessaout. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet] 2025-06-01. [Cited 2026-04-25]. 6(6). Available at: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/6-6-9\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;Farouk N., Bouizelan I., Mofidi A., Azzoui S.. Studying the Impact of Climatic Variability on Agricultural Dynamics (1989_2023): Case of Some Communities in the Upper Tessaout. Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal. [Internet]. 2025-06-01; 6(6). Available from: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;Farouk N., Bouizelan I., Mofidi A., Azzoui S., \\&quot;Studying the Impact of Climatic Variability on Agricultural Dynamics (1989_2023): Case of Some Communities in the Upper Tessaout,\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;Farouk, Nadia; Bouizelan, Imad; Mofidi, Abdelhadi; Azzoui, Said. \\&quot;Studying the Impact of Climatic Variability on Agricultural Dynamics (1989_2023): Case of Some Communities in the Upper Tessaout.\\&quot; Humanities &amp; Natural Sciences Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, 2025-06-01, https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;}' data-cit-ar='{&quot;APA&quot;:&quot;\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u060c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u060c \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0633. (2025). \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (1989-2023): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;Chicago&quot;:&quot;\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. 2025. \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (1989-2023): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 6(6). https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;Harvard&quot;:&quot;\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u060c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u060c \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0633. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (1989-2023): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a] 2025-06-01. [\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 2026-04-25]. 6(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: https:\\\/\\\/www.hnjournal.net\\\/ar\\\/6-6-9\\\/. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;Vancouver&quot;:&quot;\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u060c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u060c \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0633. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (1989-2023): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. [\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a]. 2025-06-01\u061b 6(6). \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646: https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;IEEE&quot;:&quot;\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u060c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u060c \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0633. \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (1989-2023): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2025. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;,&quot;MLA&quot;:&quot;\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (1989-2023): \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u00bb. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645 6\u060c \u0639 6\u060c 2025-06-01\u060c https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.53796\\\/hnsj66\\\/9&quot;}'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-header'>\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-title'>Cite \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/div>\r\n    <button class='hnsj-modal-close' type='button' data-hnsj-close aria-label='Close'>\u00d7<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-tabs'>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab active' data-lang='en'>English (Roman)<\/button>\r\n      <button type='button' class='hnsj-tab' data-lang='ar'>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class='hnsj-modal-body'>\r\n      <div class='hnsj-row'>\r\n        <button type='button' class='hnsj-copy' data-hnsj-copy>Copy<\/button>\r\n        <select class='hnsj-select' 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\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1985 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2023\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f (SPI) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p><p style='text-align:right;'><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a SPI\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/p><p style='text-align:justify; direction:ltr;'><strong>Abstract: <\/strong> The degradation of natural environments has become an increasingly prominent concern among researchers and specialists. Among the most pressing environmental challenges, drought stands out due to the threats it poses to food and water security, as well as its far-reaching social and economic impacts\u2014particularly in countries where economies are heavily dependent on agriculture. In this regard, drought is considered one of the most critical natural hazards affecting natural resources in Morocco. Against this backdrop, and in light of the risks associated with drought\u2014such as declining groundwater and surface water levels, which adversely affect agriculture, ecosystems, and human activities\u2014this study aims to assess the combined effects of climate change and drought on the dynamics of agricultural activity in the Upper Tassaout region, a semi-arid area, over the period from 1985 to 2023, The adopted methodology is based on the use of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. The analysis of the results reveals significant spatial and temporal variability in precipitation throughout the study period, characterized by the predominance of dry spells. This variability has had negative repercussions on the volume of available water resources and on agricultural productivity in the study area.<\/p><p style='direction:ltr; text-align:left;'><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> climate variability, agricultural dynamics, drought, SPI precipitation index, high Tassaout<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 (IPCC 2021)\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a (Barakat et al, 1998 ; ; Stour et al, 2009 ; Mahyou et al 2010 ; Sebbar et al, 2013 ; Elhafid et al, 2017). \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (Hansen et al., 2021)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 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\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629(Verner et al., 2018 ; Lionello et al., 2012) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (2008 , (Agoumi et Stour,\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 21 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f (\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 2002)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a 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\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a SPI \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (1989-2023<strong>).<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 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https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-1-300x210.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-1-1024x716.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-1-768x537.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-1-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0627 7 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 5 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a -\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c. &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632 -\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0641 -\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0628 40 \u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a1500 \u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627. (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0644\u0639.2015)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"979\" class=\"wp-image-13643\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-2.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-2.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-2-300x229.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-2-1024x783.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-2-768x587.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-2-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-2-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 SPI\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 30 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 Mckee et al, 1993 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (2012OMM,). \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0631\u0649 (1994) Guttman \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 50 \u0648 60 \u0633\u0646\u0629.\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0631\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c2024)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">SPI = (Xi &#8211; Xm) \/ Si<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Xi\u00a0: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (i)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Xm : \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Si\u00a0:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 (Mckee et al, 1993) \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (SPI) \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0647:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1:<\/strong> \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 SPI \u062d\u0633\u0628 (McKee et all, 1993<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645 SPI<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2\u2265<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1.99 \u06481,5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1,49 \u06481<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 0.99 \u06480.99-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1- \u0648 1.49 &#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1.5-\u0648 1.99 &#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2 \u2264<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.4.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 200\u00a0\u0648300 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1985- 2021 ) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2: <\/strong>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 .<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>X<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Y<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Z<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>340800<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>140600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>640<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>328201<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>132833<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>770<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"post-13619-_Toc107152127\"><\/a><strong>1.1.4. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. (\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u060c2013)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 .(\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c 2021)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1447\" height=\"687\" class=\"wp-image-13645\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-3.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-3.png 1447w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-3-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-3-1024x486.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-3-768x365.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-3-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1447px) 100vw, 1447px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1894\" height=\"810\" class=\"wp-image-13646\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-4.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-4.png 1894w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-4-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-4-1024x438.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-4-768x328.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-4-1536x657.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-4-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1894px) 100vw, 1894px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627<strong>\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632 2022<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633548.4 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 2004-2003 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644 279 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2004-2005\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u062c\u0644 426 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u062b\u0645 236 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u060c\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1474\" height=\"702\" class=\"wp-image-13647\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-5.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-5.png 1474w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-5-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-5-1024x488.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-5-768x366.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-5-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1474px) 100vw, 1474px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3:<\/strong> \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a SPI \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1209\" height=\"786\" class=\"wp-image-13648\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-6.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-6.png 1209w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-6-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-6-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-6-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-6-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1209px) 100vw, 1209px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4: <\/strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a SPI \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1985 \u06482021\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c 60% (21 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629) \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 40% (14 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629) \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 53% \u0623\u064a 19 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a 47% \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 17 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2.4. \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1.2.4.\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1152\" height=\"864\" class=\"wp-image-13650\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-189-jpg.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\Desktop\\189.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-189-jpg.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-189-jpg-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-189-jpg-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-189-jpg-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-189-jpg-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-189-jpg-360x270.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-189-jpg-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1152px) 100vw, 1152px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3: <\/strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1989.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Landsat 5\u06488 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1989 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c Arc Gis<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>6487<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>22594<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3581<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32662<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3: <\/strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1989.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 5:<\/strong> \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1989.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1989 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 )\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 32662 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 3581 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 11 % \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0643\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a69 % \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062822594 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1152\" height=\"864\" class=\"wp-image-13651\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-223-jpg.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\Desktop\\223.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-223-jpg.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-223-jpg-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-223-jpg-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-223-jpg-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-223-jpg-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-223-jpg-360x270.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-223-jpg-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1152px) 100vw, 1152px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4: <\/strong>\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Landsat 5\u06488 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2023 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c Arc Gis<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4:<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1989.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>11252<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>19404<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>32669<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 6: <\/strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2023\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628 4765 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 20%\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 3581 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1989 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2013 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2023 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1568 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 5 % \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6%\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e (GIEC) 2024\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 59%\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 35%\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> 2.2.4.\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1989:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"385\" height=\"366\" class=\"wp-image-13652\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-9.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-9.png 385w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-9-300x285.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-9-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"787\" height=\"590\" class=\"wp-image-13655\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-1989-jpg.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\Desktop\\1989.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-1989-jpg.jpeg 787w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-1989-jpg-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-1989-jpg-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-1989-jpg-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-1989-jpg-360x270.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-1989-jpg-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 787px) 100vw, 787px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 5:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1989.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Landsat 5\u06488 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1989 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c Arc Gis<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 32660.01 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 20060.73 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628 61% \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 39% \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628 12599.28 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628. (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c 2021).<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2015<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0646\u0629 2015<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"424\" height=\"360\" class=\"wp-image-13698\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\5319275A.WhatsAppDesktop_cv1g1gvanyjgm\\TempState\\84F0F20482CDE7E5EACAF7364A643D33\\WhatsApp Image 2025-05-11 \u00e0 14.34.29_bae1644d.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-300x255.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-14x12.jpeg 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3: <\/strong>\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2015<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"434\" height=\"369\" class=\"wp-image-13699\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-14.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-14.jpeg 434w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-14-300x255.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-14-14x12.jpeg 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0629) \u0633\u0646\u0629 2015<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 1\u06482(\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c 2019) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 3\u06484 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2023:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"306\" class=\"wp-image-13700\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-15.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-15.png 376w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-15-300x244.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-15-15x12.png 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1152\" height=\"864\" class=\"wp-image-13702\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-2023-jpg.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\Desktop\\2023.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-2023-jpg.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-2023-jpg-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-2023-jpg-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-2023-jpg-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-2023-jpg-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-2023-jpg-360x270.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-2023-jpg-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1152px) 100vw, 1152px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 6:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u06292023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Landsat 5\u06488 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2023 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c Arc Gis<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"313\" class=\"wp-image-13706\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-17.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-17.png 375w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-17-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-17-14x12.png 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/> \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 20060.73 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 28814.45 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628 8753.72 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0636\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 (\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0635 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1 \u06484 \u060c\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c &#8230;)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062f (\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2\u06485)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"454\" height=\"340\" class=\"wp-image-13723\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-1.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\5319275A.WhatsAppDesktop_cv1g1gvanyjgm\\TempState\\45F31D16B1058D586FC3BE7207B58053\\WhatsApp Image 2025-04-24 \u00e0 01.27.59_24bd801e.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-1.jpeg 454w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-1-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-1-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-1-360x270.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-1-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3: <\/strong>\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 2015<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2) :<\/strong> \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a 2015<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1: <\/strong>\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 2015<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 1\u06482(\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c 2019) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 3 (\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 )<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"457\" height=\"346\" class=\"wp-image-13725\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-2.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\5319275A.WhatsAppDesktop_cv1g1gvanyjgm\\TempState\\359F38463D487E9E29BD20E24F0C050A\\WhatsApp Image 2025-04-27 \u00e0 12.10.03_4049a4c0.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-2.jpeg 457w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-2-300x227.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-2-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-2-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"470\" height=\"336\" class=\"wp-image-13730\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-21.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-21.jpeg 470w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-21-300x214.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/word-image-13619-21-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"471\" height=\"328\" class=\"wp-image-13732\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-3.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\5319275A.WhatsAppDesktop_cv1g1gvanyjgm\\TempState\\792C7B5AAE4A79E78AAEDA80516AE2AC\\WhatsApp Image 2025-04-25 \u00e0 14.31.56_7a019bda.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-3.jpeg 471w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-3-300x209.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-appdata-local-packages-5319275a-whats-3-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 5:<\/strong> \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a 2025<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4: <\/strong>\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 2025<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 6: <\/strong>\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 2025<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 4\u06485\u06486 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 20\/04\/2025<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1152\" height=\"864\" class=\"wp-image-13733\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-ndvi-nadia-jpg.jpeg\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\hpp\\Desktop\\ndvi nadia.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-ndvi-nadia-jpg.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-ndvi-nadia-jpg-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-ndvi-nadia-jpg-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-ndvi-nadia-jpg-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-ndvi-nadia-jpg-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-ndvi-nadia-jpg-360x270.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/c-users-hpp-desktop-ndvi-nadia-jpg-80x60.jpeg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1152px) 100vw, 1152px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u06457 :<\/strong> \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 1989 \u06482023 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1989\u06482023 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Barakat et al., 1998<\/strong>: &#8220;Impact des changements climatiques sur l\u2019agriculture au Maroc&#8221;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Elhafid et al., 2017<\/strong>: &#8220;Changements climatiques et biodiversit\u00e9 agricole au Maroc&#8221;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hansen, J., Sato, M., &amp; Ruedy, R. (2012). Perception of climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(37), E2415-E2423<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">IPCC (2021). Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) \u2013 Summary for Policymakers<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lionello, P., et al. (2012). The Climate of the Mediterranean Region: From the Past to the Future.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mahyou et al., 2010<\/strong>: &#8220;Changements climatiques et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire au Maroc&#8221;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mckee T.B., Doeskenet N.J et Kleist J. (1993). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scale. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, California, du 17 au 22 janvier 1993. Boston, American Meteorological Society, pp 179\u2013184.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sebbar et al., 2013<\/strong>: &#8220;Effets des changements climatiques sur les cultures agricoles au Maroc&#8221;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Stour et al., 2009<\/strong>: &#8220;Changements climatiques et ressources en eau au Maroc&#8221;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Verner, D. et al. (2018). Climate Variability, Drought, and Drought Management in Morocco\u2019s Agriculture Sector. World Bank Group<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0631\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c2024\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 : \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u060c 8 \u0635.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c <\/strong>2014\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 29\u060c \u0635-\u0635:17_38.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643\u060c2013\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 133.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623.\u060c 2007\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 341 \u0635.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c2019\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u060c2021\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 1\\5000.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0644\u0639 \u060c2015\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632 2022.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06442022.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 (IPCC 2021)\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13619","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13619","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13619"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13619\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13734,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13619\/revisions\/13734"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13619"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}