{"id":11265,"date":"2024-09-07T20:49:05","date_gmt":"2024-09-07T20:49:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=11265"},"modified":"2024-09-07T20:49:31","modified_gmt":"2024-09-07T20:49:31","slug":"5-9-34","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/5-9-34\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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HNSJ, 2024, 5(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj59\/34<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u062c\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<a id=\"post-11265-GrindEQpgref5f741fe61\"><\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\nLegal liability for denial of a public loan Research<\/strong><\/p>\nDr. George Saad1<\/sup>, Mohammad Abbas Fadhil Al-Ameri1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n1<\/sup> Islamic University of Lebanon \/ Faculty of Law and Political Sciences Department of Private Law.<\/p>\nHNSJ, 2024, 5(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj59\/34<\/p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\nPublished at 01\/09\/2024 Accepted at 15\/08\/2024 <\/strong><\/p>\nAbstract <\/strong><\/p>\nGiven the great importance of loans in the economic life of countries, the loan is a financial tool in the hands of the state that it resorts to to achieve certain economic goals. Public loans are no longer an exceptional means that the state resorts to only in critical times, such as wars and natural disasters. The state’s interest in using the public loan has increased as it is one of the important revenues that fills the state’s need for spending at a time when other revenues do not cover it.<\/p>\nPublic loans are a sensitive matter in any country’s finances. It must find a clear justification for its contract. This is due to its multiple and important effects, as it is initially considered a means of obtaining financial resources for the state, but obtaining them entails an obligation to return the loan according to the conditions specified in the loan contract along with the interest resulting from it. Therefore, it is the financial and economic situation of the state that creates an opportunity to contract a public loan.<\/p>\nThen, problems arise about the possibility of returning the loan and its interest according to the agreed upon dates<\/p>\nLoans of all types, internal and external, short-term and long-term, in addition to their ease and speed of collection and the amount requested by the state, are not without drawbacks.<\/p>\nPublic loans face many practical problems, which sometimes lead to the collapse of the state\u2019s financial system, the decline in the value of its monetary currency, or even the collapse of international confidence in the international community in the borrowing country. It is not an exaggeration to say that it sometimes leads to the occurrence of international disputes between Lending and borrowing countries.<\/p>\nThe most prominent of these problems facing the public loan is the denial of the public loan by the borrowing country and the many problems this leads to. Therefore, we decided to choose this particular problem to discuss it and find out its dimensions and effects on the state.<\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b. \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n1. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631, \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d, \u06371, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a, \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a, , \u0635 530, 1967.<\/p>\n2. \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a, \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0639, \u0635 68. \u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0635 51, 2012.<\/p>\n3. \u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629, \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/ \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644, \u0641\u064a 23\/11\/2011.<\/p>\n4. \u0645.\u0645 \u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\/\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 22, \u0633\u0646\u0629 2016, \u0635 271 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n5. \u062f. \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f, \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n6. \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 74 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n7. \u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a, \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a, \u0635 31, \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a 2018,2017. \u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 57 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631, \u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 17, \u0633\u0646\u0629 2016, \u0635 148.<\/p>\n8. \u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 34.<\/p>\n9. \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 86. \u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 35.<\/p>\n10. \u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645, \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/ \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644, \u0641\u064a 8\/12\/2011.<\/p>\n11. \u0645.\u0645 \u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 278 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627, \u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 65 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n12. \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639, \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a http:\/\/www.almaany.com<\/p>\n13. \u0645.\u0645 \u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, 280.<\/p>\n14. \u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 66.<\/p>\n15. \u062f. \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062f. \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648 \u0633\u062d\u0644\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0645(\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629), \u06371, \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0635 11, 2016.<\/p>\n16. \u062f. \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u064a, \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 2010 \u2013 2014, \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0635 13, 2016.<\/p>\n17. \u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 67 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n18. \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a, \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629, \u06371, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631, \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0635 171, 2011.<\/p>\n19. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647, \u0635 172.<\/p>\n20. \u0645.\u0645 \u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 280.<\/p>\n21. \u062f. \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062f. \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648 \u0633\u062d\u0644\u0629, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 273 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n22. \u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 66.<\/p>\n23. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647, \u0635 58 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n24. \u062f. \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a. \u062f. \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a, \u06372, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\/\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0635 137, 2013. \u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0631. \u062f. \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a. \u062f. \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a, \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a, \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\/\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0635 492, 2012.<\/p>\n25. \u062f. \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062f. \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648 \u0633\u062d\u0644\u0629, \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635 274.<\/p>\n26. \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a, https:\/\/arabic.sputniknews.com.<\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631, \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d, \u06371, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a, \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a, 1967.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639, \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a http:\/\/www.almaany.com<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 <\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062f. \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a, \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629, \u06371, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631, \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, 2011.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0635 51, 2012.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062f. \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648 \u0633\u062d\u0644\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0645(\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629), \u06371, \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, 2016.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a. \u062f. \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a, \u06372, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\/\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, 2013.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0631. \u062f. \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a. \u062f. \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a, \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a, \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\/\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, 2012.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a, \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u062f. \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f, \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631, \u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 17, \u0633\u0646\u0629 2016.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645.\u0645 \u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\/\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 22, \u0633\u0646\u0629 2016.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u064a, \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 2010 \u2013 2014, \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629, 2016.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a, \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a, \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a 2018,2017.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629, \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/ \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644, \u0641\u064a 23\/11\/2011.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645, \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/ \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644, \u0641\u064a 8\/12\/2011.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a, https:\/\/arabic.sputniknews.com<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 94 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2004.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 40 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1980.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062f. \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0639\u062f1\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a2 1 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\/ \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 HNSJ, 2024, 5(9); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj59\/34 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11265","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11265","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11265"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11265\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11267,"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11265\/revisions\/11267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}}}