{"id":10366,"date":"2024-07-01T04:17:18","date_gmt":"2024-07-01T04:17:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=10366"},"modified":"2024-07-01T04:17:22","modified_gmt":"2024-07-01T04:17:22","slug":"5-7-5","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/5-7-5\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n

\u0635\u0628\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a1<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n

1<\/sup> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u064a\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: atassiseba@gmail.com<\/h3>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(7); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj57\/5<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 01\/07\/2024\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644: 06\/06\/2024\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

Language disorders: Between impact and treatment for elementary school students<\/strong><\/p>\n

SEBA SAFWAN ATASSI1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Istanbul Aydin University, T\u00fcrkiye.<\/p>\n

Email: atassiseba@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(7); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj57\/5<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/07\/2024 Accepted at 06\/06\/2024 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This research aims to understand and study the causes and types of language disorders, helping to understand their various causes and types to aid in the development of effective treatment and intervention programs that assist children with language disorders in improving their language skills and achieving their goals. Additionally, it seeks to raise awareness of these disorders within the community to contribute to improving the lives of children affected by these disorders.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Language – linguistic disorder – communication<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647. (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c 2013)<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/sup> \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a Paul Broca \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645. (\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c 1991)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 Ferdinand de Saussure\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627. (\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c 1984)<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b: <\/strong>\u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

1\/ \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u0648\u00a0\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

2\/ \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629:\u00a0\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

3\/\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629:\u00a0\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a:<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644. \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647. (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c 2005)<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645 Aram \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0631 Charles Van Riper \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0639\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645. (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c 2013)<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627. (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c 2013)<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. (\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c 2008)<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641: \u0631 \/ \u0644\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u062e\u0631\u0648\u0641 \/ \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 (\u0633) \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 (\u062f) \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0641 ( \u0631) \u0625\u0644\u0649 ( \u0644) \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f. (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 2011)<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a: \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u062b) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 (\u0633).<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a: \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u0632) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 (\u062c).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u062f) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 (\u0642).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a: \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u0644) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 (\u0631).<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u064a: \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u0628) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 (\u0645).<\/p>\n

– \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629. (Lucker-Lazerson. 2003)<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641. \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u0632\u060c \u062f\u0648). (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f9).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b. (Haynes, et, al, 2006)<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 “S” \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637: <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642. (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u060c 42)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0643).<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062f (Glazzard, 2015) \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

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\u0627 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644:<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a. (\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c 21)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a John Dewey\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (Perkins, )<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 . (Perkins, 1973 )<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 (Norm-Referenced Tests ):<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629Pathologists) ) :<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0646: “\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629: (Khan, 2012)<\/p>\n