{"id":10169,"date":"2024-06-01T06:14:13","date_gmt":"2024-06-01T06:14:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=10169"},"modified":"2024-06-01T06:14:17","modified_gmt":"2024-06-01T06:14:17","slug":"5-6-13","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/5-6-13\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"

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1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: abdellatif.zbour@edu.uiz.ac.ma<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(6); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj56\/13<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a><\/p>\n

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Territorial communities and sustainable development in the Kingdom of Morocco: challenges and prospects <\/strong><\/p>\n

– a comparative study –<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abdellatif Zbour1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> PhD research student, Faculty of law, Economic and Social Sciences of Ait Melloul, Research Laboratory in Public Law and Political Science, Ibn Zohr University Agadir, Morocco<\/p>\n

Email: abdellatif.zbour@edu.uiz.ac.ma<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(6); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj56\/13<\/p>\n

\n

Published at 01\/06\/2024 Accepted at 18\/05\/2024 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This study focuses on the role of territorial communities as key actors of sustainable development, focusing on the Moroccan experience and drawing inspiration from successful international experiences. It discusses the concept of sustainable development and the importance of balancing its economic, social and environmental dimensions. It also highlights the pivotal role of these territorial units in embodying this balance. The study also analyzes sustainable local development strategies, including conceptual models such as urban metabolism, dual delegation, and sustainability planning tools, and concludes that region-specific contexts should be taken into account when applying sustainable development principles at the local level, taking into account geographical, social and economic specificities.<\/p>\n

\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Sustainable Territorial Communities – Sustainable Cities – Sustainable Local Development – Sustainability Strategies – Sustainability Planning – Sustainability Approaches<\/p>\n

<\/a>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627. \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627. \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 21\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627” \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 (Evans et al., 2006, p. 866).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (WCED) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1987\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Rodrigues, 2018, p. 37)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Sustainable Development in Local Government Units<\/em>, 2018, p. 1).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (2005) \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641. (Rodrigues, 2018, p. 37)<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 99.12 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 99.12 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 9).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a (Decamps & Vicard, 2010, p. 3). \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: “\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629”\u060c \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 (Godard, 2006, p. 85)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/a>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 (Prizzia, 2007, p. 35).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n