{"id":10068,"date":"2024-06-01T05:39:27","date_gmt":"2024-06-01T05:39:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/?page_id=10068"},"modified":"2024-06-18T14:54:11","modified_gmt":"2024-06-18T14:54:11","slug":"5-6-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hnjournal.net\/ar\/5-6-1\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"

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1<\/sup> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: khalid.ouablal@gmail.com<\/p>\n

DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj56\/1<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a><\/p>\n

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<\/a>Research title <\/strong><\/p>\n

The role of cooperative learning in enhancing creative thinking among many<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khalid Ouablal1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> PhD Student, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Mohammed V University, Morocco Email: khalid.ouablal@gmail.com<\/p>\n

HNSJ, 2024, 5(6); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53796\/hnsj56\/1<\/p>\n

Published at 01\/06\/2024 Accepted at 05\/05\/2024 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n

This article aims to know the role cooperative-learning plays in enhancing students\u2019 creativity in the classroom, its contribution to increasing their awareness of their abilities, and highlighting its place in enhancing the learning process.<\/p>\n

Cooperative-learning helps to shape the personality of the individual within the group, and to create a good, productive citizen while directing his talents to serve his community through effective learning strategies, which are a coordinated set of classroom procedures that the teacher plans and implements with his students. The student plays a positive role whiling learning through participation and positive interaction rather than relying on receiving information and memorizing it by heart and considering the teacher as an activator, guide, and motivator instead of considering him as a transmitter of knowledge only. Through cooperative learning strategies, the creative thinking skills necessary to address complex problems that the individual can face in his daily life are stimulated.<\/p>\n

Key Words: <\/strong>cooperative education strategy, creative thinking.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (johnson et autre ,2014).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633 2010\u060c” \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 ” \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 Amable 1993 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 – \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a 1991 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635 17)<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0631 Turner: 1994 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c ( Torrance , 1993\u00a0, p 23) . \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.. \u0625\u0644\u062e \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0640\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0640\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u0635\u0640\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0640\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0640\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. (\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635 38)<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 ( \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a) \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

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\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a (badran,2007,p 573) . \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 (lin\u060c 2014\u060c P 43).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u064a ” \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d ” \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649: (1) \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c (2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648 (3) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064f\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0632 (1979) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645. (Horwitz,R\u00a0.A\u00a0, 1979\u00a0, P 77)<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0641 (1989) \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 ” \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d ” \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647. Torrance, & Goff,1989))<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629.\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 ( thistone, 1988\u00a0) grander, 1952) ( sterbey, 1967) ) \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. (Torrance ,1969\u00a0, 1987) ( Maslow <\/a>, 1968)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0648\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 1 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627 \u062a \u0643\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627. (Sahlberg,2007, p 152)<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641. (Schleicher, 2006, p 09)<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0634\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    \n
  1. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n

    \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

    \u0623. \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638: \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

    \u0628. \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

    \u062c. \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n

    \u062f. \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644: \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

    (\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c 2011\u060c \u063519-20)<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n

      \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/li>\n
      2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641.<\/li>\n
      3. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629. <\/a>(\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635 95)<\/p>\n

        \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633 (1926)\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a<\/a> ( \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a \u060c 2011\u060c \u0635 16)<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                \n
              1. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629<\/p>\n

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                \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 <\/a>\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

                \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0640\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u060c \u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a. <\/a>(\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635 39)<\/p>\n

                \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

                \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n

                \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 ((John Dewey \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a. <\/a>(\u0642\u0634\u0645\u0631\u060c 2019\u060c \u063518)<\/p>\n

                \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 <\/a>(johnson et autre\u00a0, 2014) .<\/p>\n

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                \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n

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